跟读练习: Why I’m against empathy | Paul Bloom - 通过视频学习英语口语
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I'm against empathy.
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I'm not against empathy for everything.
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I think empathy is a lot of fun when you're watching a movie, empathy for a fictional character.
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I think empathy is an important part of all sorts of exciting activities, but I'm against empathy as a moral guide.
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I think we could do better.
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The sense of empathy I'm most interested in is when you, in a sense, put yourself in another person's shoes and feel what they feel.
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Psychologists call this emotional empathy.
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A lot of people think this is core to being a good person.
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A few years ago I wrote a book called Against Empathy, The Case for Rational Compassion.
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And I argued this form of empathy, though it might seem wonderful, is actually a very poor moral guide.
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Who do you feel empathy for?
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Who do you most naturally put yourself in the shoes of?
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Well, we know the answer this from study after study after study
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we naturally feel empathy for people who look like us who speak our language who we feel are safe
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and because of that empathy is of all of the human feelings perhaps the most bias and parochial
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when you put a book out the title against empathy you gotta expect a certain amount of blowback
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and a lot of people responded to me with their own experiences in our own arguments.
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Sometimes people agreed with me, sometimes they argued against me.
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So one argument against the purpose of my book is although empathy could have negative effects, could be bias, could provoke us into violence,
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could cause all sorts of trouble, it also could have good effects and I can see this in my book.
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And so some people have said look if you add it all up the positive benefits of empathy outweigh the negative.
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I'm not always convinced about that sort of math but even
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if it were true we have moral capacities that are better than empathy
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another objection is that empathy whatever you think of its role
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when it comes to war and charity and broad moral decisions is a necessary part of an intimate relationship
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one philosopher in a critique of me said my wife comes in and she's mad at somebody at work
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It's all well and good for me to say, I love you very much, and I understand where you're coming from.
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But isn't what she wants me to share her anger, get angry with her?
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And my response to that is, it's kind of right.
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I don't deny that.
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There are cases where what we look for in a relationship with others is that sort of shared feeling.
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You're mad.
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You want me to be mad too.
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My critical response is, there's all sorts of cases where that's not what we want.
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My favorite example here is anxiety.
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I go to my partner and I'm very anxious.
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I'm stressed out.
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Do I want her to start sharing my feeling of anxiety?
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To look at me and say, oh my God, it's horrible.
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Yeah, it's horrible.
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No. I want her to be calm.
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I want her to say, I love you.
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Calm down.
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Let me tell you how to think it differently.
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Sometimes what we want from people isn't a mirror of us.
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It's rather another intelligent, caring, loving person responding to us as a distinct being
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and working to make our life better
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and I think sometimes empathy is exactly what we do not want now
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if I'm gonna say this I have to come up with something
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that will replace empathy I'm not saying we should give up on morality
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so my book is called against empathy
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but the subtitle of my book is the case for rational compassion
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and therein lies the substitute I think and the substitute has two parts one is rationality if I'm going to help somebody,
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I have to know what's the best way to help them.
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Sometimes what might seem to be the best way to help them simply makes things worse.
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Sometimes figuring out what to do to make the world a better place is an extraordinarily difficult task, too big for one brain,
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and we do our best when as communities we work together to think about that.
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So that's rationality.
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Rationality itself is great at pursuing ends, but it doesn't provide ends.
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It doesn't provide goals.
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What you need is compassion.
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You need to care.
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So what I argue in the book is that our best decisions, our fairest, our most equitable ones,
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are done through a combination of a rational judgment of how does one make the world a better place,
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plus compassion, love, caring, but not the sort of love and caring that requires you put yourself in another person's shoes.
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Even if empathy is unbalanced, has a positive effect, compassion does better.
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If we could reconfigure our moral attitudes to be less biased, less parochial, more with our head and less with our heart, we would do better.
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本课的词汇与口语要点
这节口语课以视频“Why I’m against empathy”为素材。 视频中反复出现的词有：empathy, compassion, moral, rationality, biased。 这段视频共有 39 个句子、847 个单词可供跟读。 讲话部分时长为 4:38。 说话人语速较快，每分钟约 183 个词，会出现较多连读和弱读。 82% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，其余的词建议在练习前先学一下。
视频中的重点词汇
视频中 15 个值得学习的单词，附发音和释义：
| 单词 | 发音 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| empathy 名词 | /ˈɛmpəθi/ | 移情, 同感 |
| moral 形容词 | /ˈmoɹəl/ | 道德的 |
| compassion 名词 | /kəmˈpæʃ.ən/ | 同情, 愛心 /爱心 |
| argue 动词 | /ˈɑɹ.ɡju/ | 辯論 /辩论, 爭辯 /争辩 |
| shoe 名词 | /ˈʃu/ | 鞋子, 鞋 |
| bias 名词 | /ˈbaɪ.əs/ | 偏見 /偏见 |
| rational 形容词 | /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/ | 合理的, 理性的 |
| anxiety 名词 | /æŋˈzaɪ.əti/ | 焦慮 /焦虑, 担心 |
| horrible 形容词 | /ˈhɔɹ.ɪ.bəl/ | 可怕的, 可畏 |
| mirror 名词 | /ˈmiɹɚ/ | җинзы, 鏡 /镜 |
| charity 名词 | /ˈtʃæɹɪti/ | 慈善機構 /慈善机构 |
| anger 名词 | /ˈæŋɡə/ | 發怒 /发怒, 忿怒 |
| deny 动词 | /dəˈnaɪ/ | 否認 /否认, 否定 |
| distinct 形容词 | /dɪˈstɪŋkt/ | 明顯 /明显, 清晰 |
| intelligent 形容词 | /ɪnˈtɛlɪd͡ʒənt/ | 聰明 /聪明, 聰慧 /聪慧 |
视频中出现的短语动词
| 单词 | 释义 |
|---|---|
| calm down 动词 | 冷靜下來 /冷静下来, 平靜下來 /平静下来 |
| come up with 动词 | 想出, 提出 |
| figure out 动词 | 弄清楚 |
值得反复跟读的句子
视频中简短而完整的句子，可以直接用在日常对话里：
- Who do you feel empathy for?
- Who do you most naturally put yourself in the shoes of?
- You're mad, you want me to be mad too.
- Do I want her to start sharing my feeling of anxiety?
需要注意的发音
说话人用了 20 次缩略和弱读形式，例如 I'm, you're, doesn't。请按听到的简短形式来说。
- “th” 音: empathy /ˈɛmpəθi/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, therein /ˈðɛəɹˈɪn/
- “sh” 和 “zh” 音: compassion /kəmˈpæʃ.ən/, shoe /ˈʃu/, rational /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/, anxious /ˈæŋkʃəs/, fictional /ˈfɪkʃənəl/
- 长单词——注意重音位置: naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, anxiety /æŋˈzaɪ.əti/, intelligent /ɪnˈtɛlɪd͡ʒənt/, differently /ˈdɪf.ə.ɹənt.li/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/
中文母语者容易读错的音：
- /v/ — 不要读成 /w/，上齿轻触下唇: convince /kənˈvɪns/, provoke /pɹəˈvəʊk/
- 词尾辅音 — 要读清楚，后面不要加元音: bias /ˈbaɪ.əs/, substitute /ˈsʌb.stɪ.tʃuːt/, distinct /dɪˈstɪŋkt/, intelligent /ɪnˈtɛlɪd͡ʒənt/, judgment /ˈd͡ʒʌd͡ʒ.mənt/
- /r/ 和 /l/ 的区别: moral /ˈmoɹəl/, rational /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/, naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, horrible /ˈhɔɹ.ɪ.bəl/, differently /ˈdɪf.ə.ɹənt.li/
如何用这段视频练习
- 先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
- 先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟读，熟练之后再回到正常速度。
- 录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 empathy, moral, compassion 这类单词。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。