쉐도잉 연습: Why I’m against empathy | Paul Bloom - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기
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I'm against empathy.
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I'm not against empathy for everything.
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I think empathy is a lot of fun when you're watching a movie, empathy for a fictional character.
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I think empathy is an important part of all sorts of exciting activities, but I'm against empathy as a moral guide.
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I think we could do better.
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The sense of empathy I'm most interested in is when you, in a sense, put yourself in another person's shoes and feel what they feel.
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Psychologists call this emotional empathy.
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A lot of people think this is core to being a good person.
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A few years ago I wrote a book called Against Empathy, The Case for Rational Compassion.
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And I argued this form of empathy, though it might seem wonderful, is actually a very poor moral guide.
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Who do you feel empathy for?
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Who do you most naturally put yourself in the shoes of?
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Well, we know the answer this from study after study after study
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we naturally feel empathy for people who look like us who speak our language who we feel are safe
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and because of that empathy is of all of the human feelings perhaps the most bias and parochial
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when you put a book out the title against empathy you gotta expect a certain amount of blowback
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and a lot of people responded to me with their own experiences in our own arguments.
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Sometimes people agreed with me, sometimes they argued against me.
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So one argument against the purpose of my book is although empathy could have negative effects, could be bias, could provoke us into violence,
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could cause all sorts of trouble, it also could have good effects and I can see this in my book.
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And so some people have said look if you add it all up the positive benefits of empathy outweigh the negative.
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I'm not always convinced about that sort of math but even
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if it were true we have moral capacities that are better than empathy
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another objection is that empathy whatever you think of its role
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when it comes to war and charity and broad moral decisions is a necessary part of an intimate relationship
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one philosopher in a critique of me said my wife comes in and she's mad at somebody at work
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It's all well and good for me to say, I love you very much, and I understand where you're coming from.
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But isn't what she wants me to share her anger, get angry with her?
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And my response to that is, it's kind of right.
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I don't deny that.
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There are cases where what we look for in a relationship with others is that sort of shared feeling.
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You're mad.
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You want me to be mad too.
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My critical response is, there's all sorts of cases where that's not what we want.
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My favorite example here is anxiety.
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I go to my partner and I'm very anxious.
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I'm stressed out.
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Do I want her to start sharing my feeling of anxiety?
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To look at me and say, oh my God, it's horrible.
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Yeah, it's horrible.
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No. I want her to be calm.
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I want her to say, I love you.
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Calm down.
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Let me tell you how to think it differently.
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Sometimes what we want from people isn't a mirror of us.
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It's rather another intelligent, caring, loving person responding to us as a distinct being
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and working to make our life better
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and I think sometimes empathy is exactly what we do not want now
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if I'm gonna say this I have to come up with something
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that will replace empathy I'm not saying we should give up on morality
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so my book is called against empathy
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but the subtitle of my book is the case for rational compassion
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and therein lies the substitute I think and the substitute has two parts one is rationality if I'm going to help somebody,
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I have to know what's the best way to help them.
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Sometimes what might seem to be the best way to help them simply makes things worse.
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Sometimes figuring out what to do to make the world a better place is an extraordinarily difficult task, too big for one brain,
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and we do our best when as communities we work together to think about that.
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So that's rationality.
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Rationality itself is great at pursuing ends, but it doesn't provide ends.
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It doesn't provide goals.
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What you need is compassion.
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You need to care.
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So what I argue in the book is that our best decisions, our fairest, our most equitable ones,
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are done through a combination of a rational judgment of how does one make the world a better place,
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plus compassion, love, caring, but not the sort of love and caring that requires you put yourself in another person's shoes.
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Even if empathy is unbalanced, has a positive effect, compassion does better.
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If we could reconfigure our moral attitudes to be less biased, less parochial, more with our head and less with our heart, we would do better.
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이 레슨의 어휘와 말하기 포인트
이 말하기 레슨은 영상 “Why I’m against empathy”을(를) 바탕으로 합니다. 가장 자주 반복되는 단어는 다음과 같습니다: empathy, compassion, moral, rationality, biased. 이 영상에는 섀도잉할 문장 39개와 단어 847개가 있습니다. 말하는 구간의 길이는 4:38입니다. 화자는 분당 약 183단어로 빠르게 말하므로 연음과 약하게 발음되는 소리가 많습니다. 단어의 82%가 영어에서 가장 많이 쓰이는 3,000단어에 속합니다. 나머지는 연습 전에 미리 확인해 두세요.
이 영상의 핵심 어휘
영상에 나오는 익혀 둘 만한 단어 15개를 발음, 뜻과 함께 정리했습니다.
| 단어 | 발음 | 뜻 |
|---|---|---|
| empathy 명사 | /ˈɛmpəθi/ | 공감 |
| compassion 명사 | /kəmˈpæʃ.ən/ | 동정 |
| argue 동사 | /ˈɑɹ.ɡju/ | 논하다, 의논하다 |
| shoe 명사 | /ˈʃu/ | 신발, 신 |
| bias 명사 | /ˈbaɪ.əs/ | 편견 |
| rational 형용사 | /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/ | 합리적 |
| anxiety 명사 | /æŋˈzaɪ.əti/ | 걱정, 불안 |
| horrible 형용사 | /ˈhɔɹ.ɪ.bəl/ | 끔찍하다 |
| mirror 명사 | /ˈmiɹɚ/ | 거울 |
| charity 명사 | /ˈtʃæɹɪti/ | 자선 |
| anger 명사 | /ˈæŋɡə/ | 성, 분노 |
| deny 동사 | /dəˈnaɪ/ | 부정하다, 부인하다 |
| intelligent 형용사 | /ɪnˈtɛlɪd͡ʒənt/ | 똑똑하다, 똑똑한 |
| convince 동사 | /kənˈvɪns/ | 납득시키다, 확신시키다 |
| pursue 동사 | /pɚˈsu/ | 뒤쫓다 |
따라 말해 볼 만한 문장
영상에 나오는 짧고 완결된 문장으로, 일상 대화에서 그대로 쓸 수 있습니다:
- Who do you feel empathy for?
- Who do you most naturally put yourself in the shoes of?
- You're mad, you want me to be mad too.
- Do I want her to start sharing my feeling of anxiety?
주의할 발음
화자는 I'm, you're, doesn't 같은 축약형과 약화된 형태를 20번 사용합니다. 들리는 대로 짧게 발음하세요.
- “th” 소리: empathy /ˈɛmpəθi/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, therein /ˈðɛəɹˈɪn/
- “sh”와 “zh” 소리: compassion /kəmˈpæʃ.ən/, shoe /ˈʃu/, rational /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/, anxious /ˈæŋkʃəs/, fictional /ˈfɪkʃənəl/
- 긴 단어 — 강세 위치에 주의: naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, anxiety /æŋˈzaɪ.əti/, intelligent /ɪnˈtɛlɪd͡ʒənt/, differently /ˈdɪf.ə.ɹənt.li/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/
한국어 화자가 어려워하는 소리:
- /f/ — ㅍ(/p/)으로 바꾸지 말고 윗니를 아랫입술에 대기: differently /ˈdɪf.ə.ɹənt.li/, fictional /ˈfɪkʃənəl/, philosopher /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/
- /v/ — ㅂ(/b/)과 구별하기: convince /kənˈvɪns/, provoke /pɹəˈvəʊk/
- /r/과 /l/ 구별하기: moral /ˈmoɹəl/, rational /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/, naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, horrible /ˈhɔɹ.ɪ.bəl/, differently /ˈdɪf.ə.ɹənt.li/
이 영상으로 연습하는 방법
- 먼저 말하지 않고 영상을 끝까지 듣고 모르는 단어를 적어 둡니다.
- 0.75배속으로 한 문장씩 섀도잉을 시작하고, 익숙해지면 보통 속도로 돌아갑니다.
- 자신의 목소리를 녹음해 원본과 비교하고, empathy, compassion, argue 같은 단어에 특히 주의합니다.
쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법
쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.