쉐도잉 연습: The famous tree-falling thought experiment has a new answer | Lisa Feldman Barrett - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기
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Since humans have been able to talk to each other, they've been debating the nature of reality.
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So traditionally, people believe that there is an objective reality out there,
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separate from us, and that we perceive reality with more or less accuracy.
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So if I'm in the therapist's office, and I'm telling the therapist, well, I am really, really mad.
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And the therapist looks at me and says, no, actually, you're really sad.
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Who's right?
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Well, there are some people who would say one of us is right or we're both wrong because there's some objective reality.
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But reality is not purely objective and it's not purely subjective.
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It is relational.
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There is one reality that is perspective dependent.
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I experience anger.
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My therapist is experiencing me as sad, and together that's the reality of the situation.
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My name is Lisa Feldman Barrett.
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I am a university distinguished professor of psychology at Northeastern University in Boston, and I'm here to talk to you today about the nature of reality.
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You know, a small topic.
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The nature of reality.
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Is reality objective, out there, separate from you, or is reality all in your head?
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Philosophers have been debating this question for millennia,
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and I think they're probably asking the wrong question. In reality,
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everything you do and every experience that you ever have is a combination of the remembered past and the sensory present.
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That is the signals that are hitting your retina in each eye, the cochlea in each ear, the receptors in your skin.
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The idea is that reality is made up of stable patterns of signals.
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Our best available evidence for how the brain is using past experience to anticipate sensory signals from the world,
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it suggests that reality may not be out there in the world,
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separate from you, and it's definitely not only in your head.
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It's actually a combination of the two, which means that reality exists, but it exists in relation to you.
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Perception box is another way of talking about the remembered past.
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It's a concept that captures the idea
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that there is a relationship between what is inside your head and what is outside in the world.
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What relational realism implies for perception box is that your box is the ingredients,
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the signals that you bring to creating the relational present.
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So there's an old parable that people often appeal to when they're talking about the nature of reality, and it goes something like this.
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If a tree falls in the forest and nobody is there to hear it, does it make a sound?
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A falling tree will cause vibrations in the air.
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So a relational realist would say there needs to be a set of receptors that detect those vibrations.
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And in order for it to be a sound of a tree falling, an organism has to know that that's what those sounds mean.
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So a relational realist would say
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if there's no organism there to detect the signals then no the tree does not make a sound.
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There are other signals that are required to translate those vibrations into a sound.
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Animals have sensory surfaces that we don't have.
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Reality as it pertains to them, in relation to them, is different than it is for us.
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So an example would be,
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there's a lot of vibration -based noise in the ocean that we don't detect and is not really relevant to us.
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But it turns out that those signals are detected by whales.
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And those signals are because of the whale's sensory surfaces and the whale's brain.
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are part of reality from their perspective.
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And we interfere with their ability to communicate with each other by our ignorance of their perspective.
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And it's not that hard to go from that kind of an idea to our interactions with each other.
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Often in an argument, you want to appeal to the authority of objective reality to say that you're right.
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And if reality is relational, you can't do that.
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In order to resolve the conflict,
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it means you have to admit the idea that somebody else's experience has equivalent authority to your own.
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The idea that somebody else's experience is part of reality as much as yours doesn't invalidate your experience.
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It means that your experience is a part of reality, but it's not the only part.
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There are parts of reality that we share, and there are parts of reality that each of us has access to that the other doesn't.
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And if you spend time around people who are just like you,
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who have the same reactions as you or the same experiences as you,
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you'll be reinforcing the remembered past that's easy for you to conjure.
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But if you are curious, if you're foraging for new sets of signals,
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new meanings, you are very likely to expand the aspects of reality that you have access to.
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The goal there is to be curious and be humble.
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As a person, I think it's incumbent upon us,
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we really ought to experience as many aspects of reality as we can.
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Otherwise, we're ignorant and ignorance is not helpful.
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It has nothing to do with objectivity.
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It has everything to do with being able to experience as much of reality as possible.
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이 레슨의 어휘와 말하기 포인트
이 말하기 레슨은 영상 “The famous tree-falling thought experiment has a new answer”을(를) 바탕으로 합니다. 가장 자주 반복되는 단어는 다음과 같습니다: reality, experience, signals, relational, objective. 이 영상에는 섀도잉할 문장 66개와 단어 881개가 있습니다. 말하는 구간의 길이는 7:17입니다. 화자는 분당 약 121단어의 일정한 속도로 말해서 섀도잉하기에 편한 속도입니다. 단어의 84%가 영어에서 가장 많이 쓰이는 3,000단어에 속합니다. 나머지는 연습 전에 미리 확인해 두세요.
이 영상의 핵심 어휘
영상에 나오는 익혀 둘 만한 단어 15개를 발음, 뜻과 함께 정리했습니다.
| 단어 | 발음 | 뜻 |
|---|---|---|
| objective 명사 | /ɒbˈd͡ʒɛk.tɪv/ | 목적 |
| detect 동사 | /dɪˈtɛkt/ | 찾다, 탐지하다 |
| vibration 명사 | /vaɪˈbɹeɪʃən/ | 진동 |
| therapist 명사 | /ˈθɛɹəpɪst/ | 치료사, 세라피스트 |
| curious 형용사 | /ˈkjʊɹ.i.əs/ | 호기심이 많은, 궁금하다 |
| aspect 명사 | /ˈæspɛkt/ | 양상 |
| relation 명사 | /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/ | 관계 |
| ignorance 명사 | /ˈɪɡ.nɚ.əns/ | 무지 |
| organism 명사 | /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/ | 생물, 유기체 |
| topic 명사 | /ˈtɑpɪk/ | 화제, 주제 |
| stable 명사 | /ˈsteɪ.bəl/ | 마구간, 축사 |
| anger 명사 | /ˈæŋɡə/ | 성, 분노 |
| capture 동사 | /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/ | 포획하다 |
| expand 동사 | /ɪkˈspænd/ | 펴다, 피다 |
| psychology 명사 | /saɪˈkɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/ | 심리학 |
이 영상의 문법
화자가 가장 많이 쓰는 문형을 영상 속 실제 표현과 함께 정리했습니다.
| 문형 | 영상 속 표현 |
|---|---|
| 현재완료진행 have/has been + -ing — 전에 시작해 지금도 계속되는 동작 | they've been debating · have been debating |
| 수동태 be + 과거분사 — 누가 하는지보다 무슨 일이 일어나는지에 초점 | is made · are required · are detected |
| 관계절 who / which + 절 — 사람이나 사물에 대한 추가 정보 | people who would · two, which means · people who are |
주의할 발음
화자는 I'm, you're, doesn't 같은 축약형과 약화된 형태를 17번 사용합니다. 들리는 대로 짧게 발음하세요.
- “sh”와 “zh” 소리: vibration /vaɪˈbɹeɪʃən/, relation /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/, perception /pɚˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/
- 긴 단어 — 강세 위치에 주의: organism /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/, psychology /saɪˈkɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, accuracy /ˈæk.jɚ.ə.si/, communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/
한국어 화자가 어려워하는 소리:
- /f/ — ㅍ(/p/)으로 바꾸지 말고 윗니를 아랫입술에 대기: helpful /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/, interfere /ˌɪn.tɚˈfɪɚ/, philosopher /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/, reinforce /ˌɹiː.ɪnˈfɔːs/, forage /ˈfoɹɪd͡ʒ/
- /v/ — ㅂ(/b/)과 구별하기: objective /ɒbˈd͡ʒɛk.tɪv/, vibration /vaɪˈbɹeɪʃən/, resolve /ɹɪˈzɑlv/, subjective /səbˈd͡ʒɛktɪv/, perceive /pɚˈsiv/
- /z/ — ㅈ이 아니라 성대를 울리는 /s/: organism /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/, resolve /ɹɪˈzɑlv/, translate /tɹænzˈleɪt/, realism /ˈɹi.əlɪzəm/
이 영상으로 연습하는 방법
- 먼저 말하지 않고 영상을 끝까지 듣고 모르는 단어를 적어 둡니다.
- 보통 속도로 한 문장씩 섀도잉하고, 화자의 리듬과 맞을 때까지 반복합니다.
- 자신의 목소리를 녹음해 원본과 비교하고, objective, detect, vibration 같은 단어에 특히 주의합니다.
쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법
쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.