シャドーイング練習: The famous tree-falling thought experiment has a new answer | Lisa Feldman Barrett - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
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Since humans have been able to talk to each other, they've been debating the nature of reality.
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So traditionally, people believe that there is an objective reality out there,
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separate from us, and that we perceive reality with more or less accuracy.
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So if I'm in the therapist's office, and I'm telling the therapist, well, I am really, really mad.
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And the therapist looks at me and says, no, actually, you're really sad.
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Who's right?
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Well, there are some people who would say one of us is right or we're both wrong because there's some objective reality.
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But reality is not purely objective and it's not purely subjective.
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It is relational.
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There is one reality that is perspective dependent.
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I experience anger.
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My therapist is experiencing me as sad, and together that's the reality of the situation.
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My name is Lisa Feldman Barrett.
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I am a university distinguished professor of psychology at Northeastern University in Boston, and I'm here to talk to you today about the nature of reality.
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You know, a small topic.
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The nature of reality.
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Is reality objective, out there, separate from you, or is reality all in your head?
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Philosophers have been debating this question for millennia,
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and I think they're probably asking the wrong question. In reality,
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everything you do and every experience that you ever have is a combination of the remembered past and the sensory present.
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That is the signals that are hitting your retina in each eye, the cochlea in each ear, the receptors in your skin.
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The idea is that reality is made up of stable patterns of signals.
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Our best available evidence for how the brain is using past experience to anticipate sensory signals from the world,
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it suggests that reality may not be out there in the world,
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separate from you, and it's definitely not only in your head.
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It's actually a combination of the two, which means that reality exists, but it exists in relation to you.
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Perception box is another way of talking about the remembered past.
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It's a concept that captures the idea
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that there is a relationship between what is inside your head and what is outside in the world.
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What relational realism implies for perception box is that your box is the ingredients,
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the signals that you bring to creating the relational present.
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So there's an old parable that people often appeal to when they're talking about the nature of reality, and it goes something like this.
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If a tree falls in the forest and nobody is there to hear it, does it make a sound?
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A falling tree will cause vibrations in the air.
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So a relational realist would say there needs to be a set of receptors that detect those vibrations.
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And in order for it to be a sound of a tree falling, an organism has to know that that's what those sounds mean.
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So a relational realist would say
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if there's no organism there to detect the signals then no the tree does not make a sound.
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There are other signals that are required to translate those vibrations into a sound.
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Animals have sensory surfaces that we don't have.
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Reality as it pertains to them, in relation to them, is different than it is for us.
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So an example would be,
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there's a lot of vibration -based noise in the ocean that we don't detect and is not really relevant to us.
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But it turns out that those signals are detected by whales.
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And those signals are because of the whale's sensory surfaces and the whale's brain.
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are part of reality from their perspective.
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And we interfere with their ability to communicate with each other by our ignorance of their perspective.
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And it's not that hard to go from that kind of an idea to our interactions with each other.
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Often in an argument, you want to appeal to the authority of objective reality to say that you're right.
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And if reality is relational, you can't do that.
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In order to resolve the conflict,
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it means you have to admit the idea that somebody else's experience has equivalent authority to your own.
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The idea that somebody else's experience is part of reality as much as yours doesn't invalidate your experience.
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It means that your experience is a part of reality, but it's not the only part.
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There are parts of reality that we share, and there are parts of reality that each of us has access to that the other doesn't.
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And if you spend time around people who are just like you,
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who have the same reactions as you or the same experiences as you,
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you'll be reinforcing the remembered past that's easy for you to conjure.
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But if you are curious, if you're foraging for new sets of signals,
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new meanings, you are very likely to expand the aspects of reality that you have access to.
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The goal there is to be curious and be humble.
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As a person, I think it's incumbent upon us,
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we really ought to experience as many aspects of reality as we can.
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Otherwise, we're ignorant and ignorance is not helpful.
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It has nothing to do with objectivity.
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It has everything to do with being able to experience as much of reality as possible.
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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント
このスピーキングレッスンは、動画「The famous tree-falling thought experiment has a new answer」を教材にしています。 繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：reality, experience, signals, relational, objective。 この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が66文、単語が881語あります。 音声の長さは7:17です。 話す速さは1分あたり約121語で安定しており、シャドーイングしやすいペースです。 単語の84%は英語の頻出3,000語に含まれます。残りは練習の前に確認しておきましょう。
この動画の重要語彙
動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| objective 名詞 | /ɒbˈd͡ʒɛk.tɪv/ | 目標, 目的 |
| detect 動詞 | /dɪˈtɛkt/ | 検出する, 見付ける |
| vibration 名詞 | /vaɪˈbɹeɪʃən/ | 振動 |
| therapist 名詞 | /ˈθɛɹəpɪst/ | セラピスト, 治療士 |
| curious 形容詞 | /ˈkjʊɹ.i.əs/ | 好奇心の強い, 知りたがる |
| aspect 名詞 | /ˈæspɛkt/ | 様相 |
| relation 名詞 | /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/ | 関係, 関連 |
| perception 名詞 | /pɚˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/ | 知覚 |
| ignorance 名詞 | /ˈɪɡ.nɚ.əns/ | 無知 |
| organism 名詞 | /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/ | 生物, 有機体 |
| topic 名詞 | /ˈtɑpɪk/ | 話題, テーマ |
| stable 名詞 | /ˈsteɪ.bəl/ | 馬小屋, 厩舎 |
| helpful 形容詞 | /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/ | 役に立つ, 有用 |
| anger 名詞 | /ˈæŋɡə/ | 怒り, 忿怒 |
| capture 動詞 | /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/ | 捕獲する |
この動画の文法
話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。
| 文型 | 動画での表現 |
|---|---|
| 現在完了進行形 have/has been + -ing — 以前に始まり今も続いている動作 | they've been debating · have been debating |
| 受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる | is made · are required · are detected |
| 関係詞節 who / which + 節 — 人や物について情報を加える | people who would · two, which means · people who are |
注意したい発音
話し手はI'm, you're, doesn'tなど、短縮形や弱形を17回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。
- 「sh」と「zh」の音: vibration /vaɪˈbɹeɪʃən/, relation /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/, perception /pɚˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/
- 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: organism /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/, psychology /saɪˈkɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, accuracy /ˈæk.jɚ.ə.si/, communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/
日本語話者が苦手な音：
- /r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: relation /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/, purely /ˈpjʊɹli/, resolve /ɹɪˈzɑlv/, traditionally /tɹəˈdɪʃ.ə.nə.li/, translate /tɹænzˈleɪt/
- /v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: objective /ɒbˈd͡ʒɛk.tɪv/, vibration /vaɪˈbɹeɪʃən/, resolve /ɹɪˈzɑlv/, subjective /səbˈd͡ʒɛktɪv/, perceive /pɚˈsiv/
- /f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: helpful /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/, interfere /ˌɪn.tɚˈfɪɚ/, philosopher /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/, reinforce /ˌɹiː.ɪnˈfɔːs/, forage /ˈfoɹɪd͡ʒ/
この動画での練習方法
- まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
- 通常の速度で一文ずつシャドーイングし、話し手のリズムに合うまで繰り返します。
- 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。objective, detect, vibrationなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。