シャドーイング練習: The Surprising Reason Your Past Still Controls You - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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I really want to blow your mind right now

because it turns out that the science of human memory is an unbelievable area of research.

It's so great.

How do we actually construct memories in the past when I'm thinking about Lincoln City?

Or for that matter, when I'm thinking about something really negative, when I'm thinking about something that actually happened.

The way that I do that, and this is where the neuroscience gets really tricky, it's that it's not about retrieving that memory.

You might think to yourself that like there's a little film, a little snippet of video someplace in your brain,

and you go get that out of the archive

and throw it into the projector and watch it again and again and again.

But it turns out that's not right.

What it's really about when you're dredging up memories, good or bad, is reconstruction, not retrieval.

Every time you conjure up the past, there's a part of the parietal lobe in your brain.

It's called the angular gyrus.

And what it does is it it it reconstructs every episodic memory, which is a whole bunch of different things.

There's a whole bunch of different elements to it, and they're stored in physically different locations.

And so what your brain has to do every time you come up with a scene, like you tell a story

or you remember a particular day that's in a whole bunch of different locations

and you put it together new every single time time.

That's a biological marvel, but it's prone to error.

As you can imagine, if you have to reassemble it, reassemble it, reconstruct it, reconstruct it every single time,

there's an opportunity as time goes by for glitches to get into that algorithm.

And that's one of the reasons that tons of research shows that the further away a very distinct memory is from you,

the more likely you are to screw it up as you recount it, to get it actually wrong.

And for you to believe absolutely photographically in something that absolutely did not happen.

Now, here's how the studies actually kind of work.

This is a 1992 study.

This is an article called Phantom Flash Bulbs, False Recollections of Hearing the News about Challenger.

That's the Challenger space shuttle.

They exploded in 1986.

You probably heard about it.

I remember this as a young adult when one of the space shuttles

that went up into space and blew up before it got into orbit is really,

really traumatic because half the country was watching it and it exploded.

It was horrible.

What researchers were doing, what they wanted to know was how did people actually remember it compared to what they had said had happened.

And so right after the Challenger explosion, these researchers, they asked people to recount their experience right afterward when it was most faithfully recounted,

a bunch of students who did that.

And then 30 months later, All right.

Okay.

So two and a half years later, they went through and recounted the experience again.

So they followed the same people for two and a half years.

That's one of the reasons they didn't publish the article for almost four years after the challenger exploded.

And in 93 % of the cases, the counts were completely inconsistent with each other.

And in every one of the cases, they said, no, that's the way it happened.

And it wasn't the way that it happened.

And they had evidence, videotaped evidence that the same people were telling different stories.

Now, this is really interesting, right?

That's one of the reasons that I can tell you what happened on 9 -11.

And it's probably the case that if I went back and saw my own recounting of it,

had there been a videotape of me telling the story that what I'm telling today, I'm not trying to lie.

I think it's accurate.

But what was going on is the angular gyrus is reassembling the memories and getting glitches and getting, you know,

leaving out little pieces of video and information is being added

or information is being lost because of what I'm actually living through today.

I'm inadvertently editing that.

Now, one thing to keep in mind, you will see in popular culture a lot and in modern media

and in journalism a lot where people will be telling about the crimes

and terrible things that happened to them a long time in the past.

And even in the court of law, and our legal system will ask people to testify in congressional testimony or in legal testimony.

People will be asked to testify to things that happened to them a long time ago, by memory, sometimes decades ago.

When we see this, those of us in the behavioral science community, we always just slap our foreheads because we're like,

you know, journalists are so credulous about these testimonies.

Or when people write in books, exactly a conversation they had when they were children or something is

that we're photographic or

when in the therapy industrial complex in this country professionals counselors

social workers psychologists people in my line of work will ask young people to recount to dredge up old memories

so they can actually find some evidence of trauma in their past those of us who who have studied memory

we say that's not that's not credible and it's not because people lie it's because that's not my friends how memories work.

Now, that's interesting enough, but that's actually really useful when you think about it, because reconstructing memories based on current experience gives us an opportunity,

but we're not quite there yet.

The reason our memories change is because the reconstruction of the stories of our past,

it's we do that in accordance with current narratives and current events and current needs.

In other words, you contaminate your memories based on what you're thinking about right now.

That's one of the things that we think about.

And I'll give you an example of this.

Let's say that you have an old friend, somebody you hung out with in college and somebody you really,

really, really liked, but it was a different time in your life.

And, and, and let's say that your consciousness has been raised and you're a little bit ashamed about how you,

how you behaved when you're in college.

And if there's nothing you're ashamed of that happened when you're in college, well, you've just edited your memories.

Your angular gyrus is, is, is going to town here.

And so what typically will happen when people have great memories,

but troubled memories, because you're not happy about the way that you behaved,

you're sort of, you have regret or you have a sense of shame about great old times.

What that will do is that will torque the way that you think about the people that were in those memories.

You'll start to think more negatively about the people that you wouldn't have had a negative thought about at all.

Another example of this is that, you know, college students will come home from college weirdly convinced

that they suffered all sorts of trauma because their parents are so horrible in their political views.

This is one of the things that we find.

Now, this is actually a form of predation by people who are counseling young people sometimes to say, oh, really?

Tell me about your dad.

Tell me about your mom.

Tell me about their political views.

And when they hear they'll say, boy, who hurt you?

Who hurt you?

And all that's doing is inducing people to negatively valence memories that would not have had a negative valence otherwise,

as the angular gyrus is reconstructing episodic memory in their post -adolescent brains.

And it has nothing to do with post -adolescence.

It has to do with brains more than anything else, which is one of the reasons that people will come back and say,

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I didn't realize how screwed up my family life was until I went to college.

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And the reason is

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because somebody who does not have your interests at heart was editing your memories by inducing

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you to think about a different way to dredge up these pictures

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and to valence them with a current way of thinking that they're trying to give to you.

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That's not great, but it's not even great when we do it to ourselves.

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Now, the shifting memories in a way, they're not entirely inaccurate because they're assembled from a pretty partial set of details.

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And the exact set that we remember changes every time as we dust the memory off.

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And by the way, your new politics might be right.

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The new way that you live and your new morals, they might be right.

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But it can ruin perfectly good experiences and turn them into bitterness along the way.

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It's interesting in the studies on this that we see, I'll put one in that.

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There's a really nice paper in Social Cognition called Emotion and Memory research, a grumpy overview that shows that when people are afraid,

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when you induce them to be fearful in laboratory settings, you show them scary movies,

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for example, and then you ask them to remember scenes from their own youth, they'll think about the threats from those times.

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They'll think of scary parts of those particular memories.

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But the same is true also when you make people really, really, really happy.

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And when people are full of love and they're laughing a lot, and you induce them to think about kind of negative things in their past,

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they'll find them really funny at the end of the day.

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And you know, you've had this experience.

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I promise you, you've had this experience.

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You could think about this a little bit, where you think about something awful that happened and you're with your friends

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and you're having a good time and you're telling the story.

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And it's like for the very first time you recount the story and you're cracking up while you're telling the story,

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that's because you provided a positive valence to what had been a negative memory.

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You're filling in the gaps as you reconstruct it with positivity.

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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

このスピーキングレッスンは、動画「The Surprising Reason Your Past Still Controls You」を教材にしています。繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：memories, memory, happened。この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が125文、単語が1714語あります。音声の長さは8:55です。話す速さは速く、1分あたり約192語です。音のつながりや弱く発音される音が多くなります。単語の87%は英語の頻出3,000語に含まれるため、語彙は分かりやすいです。

この動画の重要語彙

動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。

単語	発音	意味
challenger 名詞	/ˈt͡ʃælənd͡ʒəɹ/	挑戦者
edit 動詞	/ˈɛdɪt/	編集する
testimony 名詞	/ˈtɛstɪmoʊni/	証言
explode 動詞	/ɪkˈsploʊd/	爆発する
horrible 形容詞	/ˈhɔɹ.ɪ.bəl/	恐ろしい
scary 形容詞	/ˈskɛə.ɹi/	怖い
trauma 名詞	/ˈtɹɔm.ə/	外傷, 損傷
ashamed 形容詞	/əˈʃeɪmd/	恥ずかしい
behave 動詞	/bɪˈheɪv/	振る舞う, 行動する
researcher 名詞	/ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/	研究員, 研究者
shuttle 名詞	/ˈʃʌtəl/	梭, 下糸入れ
testify 動詞	/ˈtɛstɪfaɪ/	証言する
gap 名詞	/ɡæp/	間隙, ずれ
awful 形容詞	/ˈɔːfʊl/	怖い
element 名詞	/ˈɛləmənt/	要素, エレメント

動画に出てくる句動詞

単語	意味
blow up 動詞	爆破する, 爆発する
come back 動詞	戻る, 帰る
go back 動詞	戻る, 帰る

この動画の文法

話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。

文型	動画での表現
現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している	have studied · has been raised · you've just edited
関係詞節 who / which + 節 — 人や物について情報を加える	memory, which is · students who did · people who are
受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる	being added · being lost · will be asked

注意したい発音

話し手はyou're, I'm, they'reなど、短縮形や弱形を43回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。

「th」の音: algorithm /ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/, faithfully /ˈfeɪθfəli/
「sh」と「zh」の音: ashamed /əˈʃeɪmd/, reconstruction /ˌɹiːkənˈstɹʌkʃən/, shuttle /ˈʃʌtəl/, explosion /ɛkˈsploʊ.ʒən/, congressional /kəŋˈɡɹɛ.ʃə.nəl/
長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: testimony /ˈtɛstɪmoʊni/, reconstruction /ˌɹiːkənˈstɹʌkʃən/, biological /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/, laboratory /ˈlæb(ə)ɹəˌtɔɹi/, congressional /kəŋˈɡɹɛ.ʃə.nəl/

日本語話者が苦手な音：

/r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: challenger /ˈt͡ʃælənd͡ʒəɹ/, horrible /ˈhɔɹ.ɪ.bəl/, moral /ˈmoɹəl/, laboratory /ˈlæb(ə)ɹəˌtɔɹi/, congressional /kəŋˈɡɹɛ.ʃə.nəl/
/v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: behave /bɪˈheɪv/, narrative /ˈnæɹ.ə.tɪv/, convince /kənˈvɪns/, marvel /ˈmɑɹvəl/, overview /ˈoʊ.vɚˌvjuː/
/f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: testify /ˈtɛstɪfaɪ/, awful /ˈɔːfʊl/, suffer /ˈsʌfɚ/, afterwards /ˈæf.tɚ.wɚdz/, physically /ˈfɪz.ɪ.kli/

この動画での練習方法

まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。challenger, edit, testimonyなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →

シャドーイング練習: The Surprising Reason Your Past Still Controls You - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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