跟讀練習: The Surprising Reason Your Past Still Controls You - 通過影片學習英語口語

選擇練習模式

每種模式都會開啟全屏練習室。

125 句

如果句子過短或過長，請點選 Edit 進行調整。

I really want to blow your mind right now

because it turns out that the science of human memory is an unbelievable area of research.

It's so great.

How do we actually construct memories in the past when I'm thinking about Lincoln City?

Or for that matter, when I'm thinking about something really negative, when I'm thinking about something that actually happened.

The way that I do that, and this is where the neuroscience gets really tricky, it's that it's not about retrieving that memory.

You might think to yourself that like there's a little film, a little snippet of video someplace in your brain,

and you go get that out of the archive

and throw it into the projector and watch it again and again and again.

But it turns out that's not right.

What it's really about when you're dredging up memories, good or bad, is reconstruction, not retrieval.

Every time you conjure up the past, there's a part of the parietal lobe in your brain.

It's called the angular gyrus.

And what it does is it it it reconstructs every episodic memory, which is a whole bunch of different things.

There's a whole bunch of different elements to it, and they're stored in physically different locations.

And so what your brain has to do every time you come up with a scene, like you tell a story

or you remember a particular day that's in a whole bunch of different locations

and you put it together new every single time time.

That's a biological marvel, but it's prone to error.

As you can imagine, if you have to reassemble it, reassemble it, reconstruct it, reconstruct it every single time,

there's an opportunity as time goes by for glitches to get into that algorithm.

And that's one of the reasons that tons of research shows that the further away a very distinct memory is from you,

the more likely you are to screw it up as you recount it, to get it actually wrong.

And for you to believe absolutely photographically in something that absolutely did not happen.

Now, here's how the studies actually kind of work.

This is a 1992 study.

This is an article called Phantom Flash Bulbs, False Recollections of Hearing the News about Challenger.

That's the Challenger space shuttle.

They exploded in 1986.

You probably heard about it.

I remember this as a young adult when one of the space shuttles

that went up into space and blew up before it got into orbit is really,

really traumatic because half the country was watching it and it exploded.

It was horrible.

What researchers were doing, what they wanted to know was how did people actually remember it compared to what they had said had happened.

And so right after the Challenger explosion, these researchers, they asked people to recount their experience right afterward when it was most faithfully recounted,

a bunch of students who did that.

And then 30 months later, All right.

Okay.

So two and a half years later, they went through and recounted the experience again.

So they followed the same people for two and a half years.

That's one of the reasons they didn't publish the article for almost four years after the challenger exploded.

And in 93 % of the cases, the counts were completely inconsistent with each other.

And in every one of the cases, they said, no, that's the way it happened.

And it wasn't the way that it happened.

And they had evidence, videotaped evidence that the same people were telling different stories.

Now, this is really interesting, right?

That's one of the reasons that I can tell you what happened on 9 -11.

And it's probably the case that if I went back and saw my own recounting of it,

had there been a videotape of me telling the story that what I'm telling today, I'm not trying to lie.

I think it's accurate.

But what was going on is the angular gyrus is reassembling the memories and getting glitches and getting, you know,

leaving out little pieces of video and information is being added

or information is being lost because of what I'm actually living through today.

I'm inadvertently editing that.

Now, one thing to keep in mind, you will see in popular culture a lot and in modern media

and in journalism a lot where people will be telling about the crimes

and terrible things that happened to them a long time in the past.

And even in the court of law, and our legal system will ask people to testify in congressional testimony or in legal testimony.

People will be asked to testify to things that happened to them a long time ago, by memory, sometimes decades ago.

When we see this, those of us in the behavioral science community, we always just slap our foreheads because we're like,

you know, journalists are so credulous about these testimonies.

Or when people write in books, exactly a conversation they had when they were children or something is

that we're photographic or

when in the therapy industrial complex in this country professionals counselors

social workers psychologists people in my line of work will ask young people to recount to dredge up old memories

so they can actually find some evidence of trauma in their past those of us who who have studied memory

we say that's not that's not credible and it's not because people lie it's because that's not my friends how memories work.

Now, that's interesting enough, but that's actually really useful when you think about it, because reconstructing memories based on current experience gives us an opportunity,

but we're not quite there yet.

The reason our memories change is because the reconstruction of the stories of our past,

it's we do that in accordance with current narratives and current events and current needs.

In other words, you contaminate your memories based on what you're thinking about right now.

That's one of the things that we think about.

And I'll give you an example of this.

Let's say that you have an old friend, somebody you hung out with in college and somebody you really,

really, really liked, but it was a different time in your life.

And, and, and let's say that your consciousness has been raised and you're a little bit ashamed about how you,

how you behaved when you're in college.

And if there's nothing you're ashamed of that happened when you're in college, well, you've just edited your memories.

Your angular gyrus is, is, is going to town here.

And so what typically will happen when people have great memories,

but troubled memories, because you're not happy about the way that you behaved,

you're sort of, you have regret or you have a sense of shame about great old times.

What that will do is that will torque the way that you think about the people that were in those memories.

You'll start to think more negatively about the people that you wouldn't have had a negative thought about at all.

Another example of this is that, you know, college students will come home from college weirdly convinced

that they suffered all sorts of trauma because their parents are so horrible in their political views.

This is one of the things that we find.

Now, this is actually a form of predation by people who are counseling young people sometimes to say, oh, really?

Tell me about your dad.

Tell me about your mom.

Tell me about their political views.

And when they hear they'll say, boy, who hurt you?

Who hurt you?

And all that's doing is inducing people to negatively valence memories that would not have had a negative valence otherwise,

as the angular gyrus is reconstructing episodic memory in their post -adolescent brains.

And it has nothing to do with post -adolescence.

It has to do with brains more than anything else, which is one of the reasons that people will come back and say,

100

I didn't realize how screwed up my family life was until I went to college.

101

And the reason is

102

because somebody who does not have your interests at heart was editing your memories by inducing

103

you to think about a different way to dredge up these pictures

104

and to valence them with a current way of thinking that they're trying to give to you.

105

That's not great, but it's not even great when we do it to ourselves.

106

Now, the shifting memories in a way, they're not entirely inaccurate because they're assembled from a pretty partial set of details.

107

And the exact set that we remember changes every time as we dust the memory off.

108

And by the way, your new politics might be right.

109

The new way that you live and your new morals, they might be right.

110

But it can ruin perfectly good experiences and turn them into bitterness along the way.

111

It's interesting in the studies on this that we see, I'll put one in that.

112

There's a really nice paper in Social Cognition called Emotion and Memory research, a grumpy overview that shows that when people are afraid,

113

when you induce them to be fearful in laboratory settings, you show them scary movies,

114

for example, and then you ask them to remember scenes from their own youth, they'll think about the threats from those times.

115

They'll think of scary parts of those particular memories.

116

But the same is true also when you make people really, really, really happy.

117

And when people are full of love and they're laughing a lot, and you induce them to think about kind of negative things in their past,

118

they'll find them really funny at the end of the day.

119

And you know, you've had this experience.

120

I promise you, you've had this experience.

121

You could think about this a little bit, where you think about something awful that happened and you're with your friends

122

and you're having a good time and you're telling the story.

123

And it's like for the very first time you recount the story and you're cracking up while you're telling the story,

124

that's because you provided a positive valence to what had been a negative memory.

125

You're filling in the gaps as you reconstruct it with positivity.

下載應用

流利口語所需的一切

AI 發音評分逐句打分

音標練習掌握每個音

詞彙學習建立你的詞庫

詞彙遊戲邊玩邊學

掃碼

Download on theApp Store Get it onGoogle Play

同頻道

FOR YOU

本課的詞彙與口語要點

這節口語課以影片“The Surprising Reason Your Past Still Controls You”為素材。影片中反覆出現的詞有：memories, memory, happened。這段影片共有 125 個句子、1714 個單詞可供跟讀。講話部分時長為 8:55。說話人語速較快，每分鐘約 192 個詞，會出現較多連讀和弱讀。 87% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，詞彙容易理解。

影片中的重點詞彙

影片中 15 個值得學習的單詞，附發音和釋義：

單詞	發音	釋義
challenger 名詞	/ˈt͡ʃælənd͡ʒəɹ/	挑戰者 /挑戰者
edit 動詞	/ˈɛdɪt/	編輯 /編輯
testimony 名詞	/ˈtɛstɪmoʊni/	證言 /證言, 證詞 /證詞
explode 動詞	/ɪkˈsploʊd/	爆炸, 爆發 /爆發
horrible 形容詞	/ˈhɔɹ.ɪ.bəl/	可怕的, 可畏
scary 形容詞	/ˈskɛə.ɹi/	恐怖
trauma 名詞	/ˈtɹɔm.ə/	負傷 /負傷, 損傷 /損傷
ashamed 形容詞	/əˈʃeɪmd/	慚愧 /慚愧, 羞愧
behave 動詞	/bɪˈheɪv/	為人 /為人
reconstruction 名詞	/ˌɹiːkənˈstɹʌkʃən/	重建
researcher 名詞	/ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/	研究員 /研究員, 研究者
shuttle 名詞	/ˈʃʌtəl/	梭子
testify 動詞	/ˈtɛstɪfaɪ/	作證 /作證
gap 名詞	/ɡæp/	間隙 /間隙
awful 形容詞	/ˈɔːfʊl/	壞 /壞, 糟糕

影片中出現的短語動詞

單詞	釋義
turn out 動詞	原來 /原來
blow up 動詞	炸掉, 爆破
come back 動詞	回來 /回來, 返回
come up with 動詞	想出, 提出
go back 動詞	回去, 返回
go through 動詞	通過 /通過

影片中的語法

說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：

結構	影片中的用法
現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事	have studied · has been raised · you've just edited
定語從句 who / which + 從句 — 補充說明人或事物	memory, which is · students who did · people who are
被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的	being added · being lost · will be asked

需要注意的發音

說話人用了 43 次縮略和弱讀形式，例如 you're, I'm, they're。請按聽到的簡短形式來說。

“th” 音: algorithm /ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/, faithfully /ˈfeɪθfəli/
“sh” 和 “zh” 音: ashamed /əˈʃeɪmd/, reconstruction /ˌɹiːkənˈstɹʌkʃən/, shuttle /ˈʃʌtəl/, explosion /ɛkˈsploʊ.ʒən/, congressional /kəŋˈɡɹɛ.ʃə.nəl/
長單詞——注意重音位置: testimony /ˈtɛstɪmoʊni/, reconstruction /ˌɹiːkənˈstɹʌkʃən/, biological /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/, laboratory /ˈlæb(ə)ɹəˌtɔɹi/, congressional /kəŋˈɡɹɛ.ʃə.nəl/

中文母語者容易讀錯的音：

/v/ — 不要讀成 /w/，上齒輕觸下唇: behave /bɪˈheɪv/, narrative /ˈnæɹ.ə.tɪv/, convince /kənˈvɪns/, marvel /ˈmɑɹvəl/, overview /ˈoʊ.vɚˌvjuː/
詞尾子音 — 要讀清楚，後面不要加母音: induce /ɪnˈduːs/, edit /ˈɛdɪt/, explode /ɪkˈsploʊd/, ashamed /əˈʃeɪmd/, behave /bɪˈheɪv/
/r/ 和 /l/ 的區別: challenger /ˈt͡ʃælənd͡ʒəɹ/, horrible /ˈhɔɹ.ɪ.bəl/, moral /ˈmoɹəl/, laboratory /ˈlæb(ə)ɹəˌtɔɹi/, congressional /kəŋˈɡɹɛ.ʃə.nəl/

如何用這段影片練習

先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟讀，熟練之後再回到正常速度。
錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 challenger, edit, testimony 這類單詞。

什麼是跟讀法？

跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟讀法: 閱讀完整分步指南 →

跟讀練習: The Surprising Reason Your Past Still Controls You - 通過影片學習英語口語

選擇練習模式

下載應用

同頻道

What Makes Extroverts Scientifically Happier than Introverts?

My 6-Step Morning Protocol for a Better Day

How to Enjoy Your Life

The 4 Types of Careers, and How to Find Yours

推薦影片

Why You Remember Embarrassing Moments

Supernatural thinking: Your brain’s anti-anxiety mode | Clay Routledge

Stop Rehearsing The Life You Don’t Want | Dr Joe Dispenza Motivation

Your Memories & Emotions Impact Immune Status

Mindfulness isn’t the only powerful mental state | Clay Routledge

Mental Debugging: How to Build Resilience After Failure

A deeper psychological driver of motivation. @Dr.ShadeZahrai

How Social Media Is Rewiring Our Brains

How to Learn Vocabulary in ANY Language (backed by science)

TED@NYC: The Power of Negative Thinking

The Psychology of People Who Want to Do Everything

All of Human Psychology Explained in 20 Minutes