쉐도잉 연습: The Surprising Reason Your Past Still Controls You - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기

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I really want to blow your mind right now

because it turns out that the science of human memory is an unbelievable area of research.

It's so great.

How do we actually construct memories in the past when I'm thinking about Lincoln City?

Or for that matter, when I'm thinking about something really negative, when I'm thinking about something that actually happened.

The way that I do that, and this is where the neuroscience gets really tricky, it's that it's not about retrieving that memory.

You might think to yourself that like there's a little film, a little snippet of video someplace in your brain,

and you go get that out of the archive

and throw it into the projector and watch it again and again and again.

But it turns out that's not right.

What it's really about when you're dredging up memories, good or bad, is reconstruction, not retrieval.

Every time you conjure up the past, there's a part of the parietal lobe in your brain.

It's called the angular gyrus.

And what it does is it it it reconstructs every episodic memory, which is a whole bunch of different things.

There's a whole bunch of different elements to it, and they're stored in physically different locations.

And so what your brain has to do every time you come up with a scene, like you tell a story

or you remember a particular day that's in a whole bunch of different locations

and you put it together new every single time time.

That's a biological marvel, but it's prone to error.

As you can imagine, if you have to reassemble it, reassemble it, reconstruct it, reconstruct it every single time,

there's an opportunity as time goes by for glitches to get into that algorithm.

And that's one of the reasons that tons of research shows that the further away a very distinct memory is from you,

the more likely you are to screw it up as you recount it, to get it actually wrong.

And for you to believe absolutely photographically in something that absolutely did not happen.

Now, here's how the studies actually kind of work.

This is a 1992 study.

This is an article called Phantom Flash Bulbs, False Recollections of Hearing the News about Challenger.

That's the Challenger space shuttle.

They exploded in 1986.

You probably heard about it.

I remember this as a young adult when one of the space shuttles

that went up into space and blew up before it got into orbit is really,

really traumatic because half the country was watching it and it exploded.

It was horrible.

What researchers were doing, what they wanted to know was how did people actually remember it compared to what they had said had happened.

And so right after the Challenger explosion, these researchers, they asked people to recount their experience right afterward when it was most faithfully recounted,

a bunch of students who did that.

And then 30 months later, All right.

Okay.

So two and a half years later, they went through and recounted the experience again.

So they followed the same people for two and a half years.

That's one of the reasons they didn't publish the article for almost four years after the challenger exploded.

And in 93 % of the cases, the counts were completely inconsistent with each other.

And in every one of the cases, they said, no, that's the way it happened.

And it wasn't the way that it happened.

And they had evidence, videotaped evidence that the same people were telling different stories.

Now, this is really interesting, right?

That's one of the reasons that I can tell you what happened on 9 -11.

And it's probably the case that if I went back and saw my own recounting of it,

had there been a videotape of me telling the story that what I'm telling today, I'm not trying to lie.

I think it's accurate.

But what was going on is the angular gyrus is reassembling the memories and getting glitches and getting, you know,

leaving out little pieces of video and information is being added

or information is being lost because of what I'm actually living through today.

I'm inadvertently editing that.

Now, one thing to keep in mind, you will see in popular culture a lot and in modern media

and in journalism a lot where people will be telling about the crimes

and terrible things that happened to them a long time in the past.

And even in the court of law, and our legal system will ask people to testify in congressional testimony or in legal testimony.

People will be asked to testify to things that happened to them a long time ago, by memory, sometimes decades ago.

When we see this, those of us in the behavioral science community, we always just slap our foreheads because we're like,

you know, journalists are so credulous about these testimonies.

Or when people write in books, exactly a conversation they had when they were children or something is

that we're photographic or

when in the therapy industrial complex in this country professionals counselors

social workers psychologists people in my line of work will ask young people to recount to dredge up old memories

so they can actually find some evidence of trauma in their past those of us who who have studied memory

we say that's not that's not credible and it's not because people lie it's because that's not my friends how memories work.

Now, that's interesting enough, but that's actually really useful when you think about it, because reconstructing memories based on current experience gives us an opportunity,

but we're not quite there yet.

The reason our memories change is because the reconstruction of the stories of our past,

it's we do that in accordance with current narratives and current events and current needs.

In other words, you contaminate your memories based on what you're thinking about right now.

That's one of the things that we think about.

And I'll give you an example of this.

Let's say that you have an old friend, somebody you hung out with in college and somebody you really,

really, really liked, but it was a different time in your life.

And, and, and let's say that your consciousness has been raised and you're a little bit ashamed about how you,

how you behaved when you're in college.

And if there's nothing you're ashamed of that happened when you're in college, well, you've just edited your memories.

Your angular gyrus is, is, is going to town here.

And so what typically will happen when people have great memories,

but troubled memories, because you're not happy about the way that you behaved,

you're sort of, you have regret or you have a sense of shame about great old times.

What that will do is that will torque the way that you think about the people that were in those memories.

You'll start to think more negatively about the people that you wouldn't have had a negative thought about at all.

Another example of this is that, you know, college students will come home from college weirdly convinced

that they suffered all sorts of trauma because their parents are so horrible in their political views.

This is one of the things that we find.

Now, this is actually a form of predation by people who are counseling young people sometimes to say, oh, really?

Tell me about your dad.

Tell me about your mom.

Tell me about their political views.

And when they hear they'll say, boy, who hurt you?

Who hurt you?

And all that's doing is inducing people to negatively valence memories that would not have had a negative valence otherwise,

as the angular gyrus is reconstructing episodic memory in their post -adolescent brains.

And it has nothing to do with post -adolescence.

It has to do with brains more than anything else, which is one of the reasons that people will come back and say,

100

I didn't realize how screwed up my family life was until I went to college.

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And the reason is

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because somebody who does not have your interests at heart was editing your memories by inducing

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you to think about a different way to dredge up these pictures

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and to valence them with a current way of thinking that they're trying to give to you.

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That's not great, but it's not even great when we do it to ourselves.

106

Now, the shifting memories in a way, they're not entirely inaccurate because they're assembled from a pretty partial set of details.

107

And the exact set that we remember changes every time as we dust the memory off.

108

And by the way, your new politics might be right.

109

The new way that you live and your new morals, they might be right.

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But it can ruin perfectly good experiences and turn them into bitterness along the way.

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It's interesting in the studies on this that we see, I'll put one in that.

112

There's a really nice paper in Social Cognition called Emotion and Memory research, a grumpy overview that shows that when people are afraid,

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when you induce them to be fearful in laboratory settings, you show them scary movies,

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for example, and then you ask them to remember scenes from their own youth, they'll think about the threats from those times.

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They'll think of scary parts of those particular memories.

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But the same is true also when you make people really, really, really happy.

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And when people are full of love and they're laughing a lot, and you induce them to think about kind of negative things in their past,

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they'll find them really funny at the end of the day.

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And you know, you've had this experience.

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I promise you, you've had this experience.

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You could think about this a little bit, where you think about something awful that happened and you're with your friends

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and you're having a good time and you're telling the story.

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And it's like for the very first time you recount the story and you're cracking up while you're telling the story,

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that's because you provided a positive valence to what had been a negative memory.

125

You're filling in the gaps as you reconstruct it with positivity.

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이 레슨의 어휘와 말하기 포인트

이 말하기 레슨은 영상 “The Surprising Reason Your Past Still Controls You”을(를) 바탕으로 합니다. 가장 자주 반복되는 단어는 다음과 같습니다: memories, memory, happened. 이 영상에는 섀도잉할 문장 125개와 단어 1714개가 있습니다. 말하는 구간의 길이는 8:55입니다. 화자는 분당 약 192단어로 빠르게 말하므로 연음과 약하게 발음되는 소리가 많습니다. 단어의 87%가 영어에서 가장 많이 쓰이는 3,000단어에 속해 어휘가 쉬운 편입니다.

이 영상의 핵심 어휘

영상에 나오는 익혀 둘 만한 단어 15개를 발음, 뜻과 함께 정리했습니다.

단어	발음	뜻
challenger 명사	/ˈt͡ʃælənd͡ʒəɹ/	도전자
edit 동사	/ˈɛdɪt/	편집하다
testimony 명사	/ˈtɛstɪmoʊni/	증언
explode 동사	/ɪkˈsploʊd/	폭발적으로 증가하다, 폭발하다
horrible 형용사	/ˈhɔɹ.ɪ.bəl/	끔찍하다
scary 형용사	/ˈskɛə.ɹi/	공포의, 무섭다
trauma 명사	/ˈtɹɔm.ə/	외상, 손상
behave 동사	/bɪˈheɪv/	처신하다, 행동하다
researcher 명사	/ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/	연구원, 연구자
shuttle 명사	/ˈʃʌtəl/	북
testify 동사	/ˈtɛstɪfaɪ/	증언하다
gap 명사	/ɡæp/	간극, 극간
element 명사	/ˈɛləmənt/	요소
compare 동사	/kəmˈpɛɚ/	비교하다, 비유하다
suffer 동사	/ˈsʌfɚ/	괴로와하다, 시달리다

영상에 나오는 구동사

단어	뜻
blow up 동사	폭파하다
come back 동사	돌아오다
go back 동사	돌아가다

이 영상의 문법

화자가 가장 많이 쓰는 문형을 영상 속 실제 표현과 함께 정리했습니다.

문형	영상 속 표현
현재완료 have/has + 과거분사 — 과거의 일이 지금도 관련이 있을 때	have studied · has been raised · you've just edited
관계절 who / which + 절 — 사람이나 사물에 대한 추가 정보	memory, which is · students who did · people who are
수동태 be + 과거분사 — 누가 하는지보다 무슨 일이 일어나는지에 초점	being added · being lost · will be asked

주의할 발음

화자는 you're, I'm, they're 같은 축약형과 약화된 형태를 43번 사용합니다. 들리는 대로 짧게 발음하세요.

“th” 소리: algorithm /ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/, faithfully /ˈfeɪθfəli/
“sh”와 “zh” 소리: ashamed /əˈʃeɪmd/, reconstruction /ˌɹiːkənˈstɹʌkʃən/, shuttle /ˈʃʌtəl/, explosion /ɛkˈsploʊ.ʒən/, congressional /kəŋˈɡɹɛ.ʃə.nəl/
긴 단어 — 강세 위치에 주의: testimony /ˈtɛstɪmoʊni/, reconstruction /ˌɹiːkənˈstɹʌkʃən/, biological /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/, laboratory /ˈlæb(ə)ɹəˌtɔɹi/, congressional /kəŋˈɡɹɛ.ʃə.nəl/

한국어 화자가 어려워하는 소리:

/f/ — ㅍ(/p/)으로 바꾸지 말고 윗니를 아랫입술에 대기: testify /ˈtɛstɪfaɪ/, awful /ˈɔːfʊl/, suffer /ˈsʌfɚ/, afterwards /ˈæf.tɚ.wɚdz/, physically /ˈfɪz.ɪ.kli/
/v/ — ㅂ(/b/)과 구별하기: behave /bɪˈheɪv/, narrative /ˈnæɹ.ə.tɪv/, convince /kənˈvɪns/, marvel /ˈmɑɹvəl/, overview /ˈoʊ.vɚˌvjuː/
/z/ — ㅈ이 아니라 성대를 울리는 /s/: afterwards /ˈæf.tɚ.wɚdz/, physically /ˈfɪz.ɪ.kli/, journalism /ˈd͡ʒɝnl̩ˌɪzəm/, positivity /ˌpɑ.zɪˈtɪv.ɪ.ti/

이 영상으로 연습하는 방법

먼저 말하지 않고 영상을 끝까지 듣고 모르는 단어를 적어 둡니다.
0.75배속으로 한 문장씩 섀도잉을 시작하고, 익숙해지면 보통 속도로 돌아갑니다.
자신의 목소리를 녹음해 원본과 비교하고, challenger, edit, testimony 같은 단어에 특히 주의합니다.

쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법

쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.

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