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I really want to blow your mind right now
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because it turns out that the science of human memory is an unbelievable area of research.
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It's so great.
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How do we actually construct memories in the past when I'm thinking about Lincoln City?
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Or for that matter, when I'm thinking about something really negative, when I'm thinking about something that actually happened.
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The way that I do that, and this is where the neuroscience gets really tricky, it's that it's not about retrieving that memory.
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You might think to yourself that like there's a little film, a little snippet of video someplace in your brain,
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and you go get that out of the archive
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and throw it into the projector and watch it again and again and again.
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But it turns out that's not right.
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What it's really about when you're dredging up memories, good or bad, is reconstruction, not retrieval.
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Every time you conjure up the past, there's a part of the parietal lobe in your brain.
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It's called the angular gyrus.
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And what it does is it it it reconstructs every episodic memory, which is a whole bunch of different things.
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There's a whole bunch of different elements to it, and they're stored in physically different locations.
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And so what your brain has to do every time you come up with a scene, like you tell a story
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or you remember a particular day that's in a whole bunch of different locations
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and you put it together new every single time time.
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That's a biological marvel, but it's prone to error.
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As you can imagine, if you have to reassemble it, reassemble it, reconstruct it, reconstruct it every single time,
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there's an opportunity as time goes by for glitches to get into that algorithm.
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And that's one of the reasons that tons of research shows that the further away a very distinct memory is from you,
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the more likely you are to screw it up as you recount it, to get it actually wrong.
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And for you to believe absolutely photographically in something that absolutely did not happen.
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Now, here's how the studies actually kind of work.
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This is a 1992 study.
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This is an article called Phantom Flash Bulbs, False Recollections of Hearing the News about Challenger.
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That's the Challenger space shuttle.
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They exploded in 1986.
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You probably heard about it.
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I remember this as a young adult when one of the space shuttles
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that went up into space and blew up before it got into orbit is really,
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really traumatic because half the country was watching it and it exploded.
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It was horrible.
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What researchers were doing, what they wanted to know was how did people actually remember it compared to what they had said had happened.
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And so right after the Challenger explosion, these researchers, they asked people to recount their experience right afterward when it was most faithfully recounted,
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a bunch of students who did that.
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And then 30 months later, All right.
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Okay.
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So two and a half years later, they went through and recounted the experience again.
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So they followed the same people for two and a half years.
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That's one of the reasons they didn't publish the article for almost four years after the challenger exploded.
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And in 93 % of the cases, the counts were completely inconsistent with each other.
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And in every one of the cases, they said, no, that's the way it happened.
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And it wasn't the way that it happened.
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And they had evidence, videotaped evidence that the same people were telling different stories.
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Now, this is really interesting, right?
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That's one of the reasons that I can tell you what happened on 9 -11.
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And it's probably the case that if I went back and saw my own recounting of it,
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had there been a videotape of me telling the story that what I'm telling today, I'm not trying to lie.
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I think it's accurate.
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But what was going on is the angular gyrus is reassembling the memories and getting glitches and getting, you know,
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leaving out little pieces of video and information is being added
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or information is being lost because of what I'm actually living through today.
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I'm inadvertently editing that.
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Now, one thing to keep in mind, you will see in popular culture a lot and in modern media
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and in journalism a lot where people will be telling about the crimes
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and terrible things that happened to them a long time in the past.
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And even in the court of law, and our legal system will ask people to testify in congressional testimony or in legal testimony.
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People will be asked to testify to things that happened to them a long time ago, by memory, sometimes decades ago.
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When we see this, those of us in the behavioral science community, we always just slap our foreheads because we're like,
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you know, journalists are so credulous about these testimonies.
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Or when people write in books, exactly a conversation they had when they were children or something is
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that we're photographic or
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when in the therapy industrial complex in this country professionals counselors
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social workers psychologists people in my line of work will ask young people to recount to dredge up old memories
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so they can actually find some evidence of trauma in their past those of us who who have studied memory
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we say that's not that's not credible and it's not because people lie it's because that's not my friends how memories work.
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Now, that's interesting enough, but that's actually really useful when you think about it, because reconstructing memories based on current experience gives us an opportunity,
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but we're not quite there yet.
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The reason our memories change is because the reconstruction of the stories of our past,
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it's we do that in accordance with current narratives and current events and current needs.
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In other words, you contaminate your memories based on what you're thinking about right now.
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That's one of the things that we think about.
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And I'll give you an example of this.
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Let's say that you have an old friend, somebody you hung out with in college and somebody you really,
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really, really liked, but it was a different time in your life.
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And, and, and let's say that your consciousness has been raised and you're a little bit ashamed about how you,
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how you behaved when you're in college.
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And if there's nothing you're ashamed of that happened when you're in college, well, you've just edited your memories.
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Your angular gyrus is, is, is going to town here.
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And so what typically will happen when people have great memories,
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but troubled memories, because you're not happy about the way that you behaved,
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you're sort of, you have regret or you have a sense of shame about great old times.
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What that will do is that will torque the way that you think about the people that were in those memories.
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You'll start to think more negatively about the people that you wouldn't have had a negative thought about at all.
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Another example of this is that, you know, college students will come home from college weirdly convinced
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that they suffered all sorts of trauma because their parents are so horrible in their political views.
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This is one of the things that we find.
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Now, this is actually a form of predation by people who are counseling young people sometimes to say, oh, really?
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Tell me about your dad.
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Tell me about your mom.
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Tell me about their political views.
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And when they hear they'll say, boy, who hurt you?
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Who hurt you?
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And all that's doing is inducing people to negatively valence memories that would not have had a negative valence otherwise,
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as the angular gyrus is reconstructing episodic memory in their post -adolescent brains.
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And it has nothing to do with post -adolescence.
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It has to do with brains more than anything else, which is one of the reasons that people will come back and say,
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I didn't realize how screwed up my family life was until I went to college.
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And the reason is
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because somebody who does not have your interests at heart was editing your memories by inducing
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you to think about a different way to dredge up these pictures
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and to valence them with a current way of thinking that they're trying to give to you.
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That's not great, but it's not even great when we do it to ourselves.
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Now, the shifting memories in a way, they're not entirely inaccurate because they're assembled from a pretty partial set of details.
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And the exact set that we remember changes every time as we dust the memory off.
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And by the way, your new politics might be right.
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The new way that you live and your new morals, they might be right.
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But it can ruin perfectly good experiences and turn them into bitterness along the way.
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It's interesting in the studies on this that we see, I'll put one in that.
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There's a really nice paper in Social Cognition called Emotion and Memory research, a grumpy overview that shows that when people are afraid,
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when you induce them to be fearful in laboratory settings, you show them scary movies,
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for example, and then you ask them to remember scenes from their own youth, they'll think about the threats from those times.
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They'll think of scary parts of those particular memories.
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But the same is true also when you make people really, really, really happy.
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And when people are full of love and they're laughing a lot, and you induce them to think about kind of negative things in their past,
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they'll find them really funny at the end of the day.
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And you know, you've had this experience.
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I promise you, you've had this experience.
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You could think about this a little bit, where you think about something awful that happened and you're with your friends
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and you're having a good time and you're telling the story.
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And it's like for the very first time you recount the story and you're cracking up while you're telling the story,
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that's because you provided a positive valence to what had been a negative memory.
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You're filling in the gaps as you reconstruct it with positivity.
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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione
Questa lezione di conversazione si basa sul video “The Surprising Reason Your Past Still Controls You”. Le parole che ritornano più spesso: memories, memory, happened. Questo video contiene 125 frasi e 1714 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 8:55. Chi parla va veloce, circa 192 parole al minuto: aspettati suoni legati e ridotti. Il 87% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese, quindi il lessico è facile da seguire.
Vocaboli chiave di questo video
15 parole del video che vale la pena imparare, con pronuncia e significato:
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| challenger sostantivo | /ˈt͡ʃælənd͡ʒəɹ/ | sfidante, sfidatore |
| induce verbo | /ɪnˈduːs/ | persuadere, incitare |
| angular aggettivo | /ˈæŋ.ɡjə.lɚ/ | angolare |
| edit verbo | /ˈɛdɪt/ | redigere, elaborare |
| testimony sostantivo | /ˈtɛstɪmoʊni/ | testimonianza |
| explode verbo | /ɪkˈsploʊd/ | esplodere |
| horrible aggettivo | /ˈhɔɹ.ɪ.bəl/ | orribile, terribile |
| scary aggettivo | /ˈskɛə.ɹi/ | pauroso |
| trauma sostantivo | /ˈtɹɔm.ə/ | trauma |
| behave verbo | /bɪˈheɪv/ | comportarsi, agire |
| reconstruction sostantivo | /ˌɹiːkənˈstɹʌkʃən/ | ricostruzione |
| researcher sostantivo | /ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/ | ricercatore, ricercatrice |
| shuttle sostantivo | /ˈʃʌtəl/ | navetta, spoletta |
| testify verbo | /ˈtɛstɪfaɪ/ | deporre, testimoniare |
| negatively avverbio | negativamente |
I phrasal verb che sentirai
| Parola | Significato |
|---|---|
| turn out verbo | risultare |
| blow up verbo | saltare in aria, esplodere |
| come back verbo | tornare |
| come up with verbo | ideare, escogitare |
| go back verbo | tornare |
| go through verbo | attraversare |
La grammatica di questo video
Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:
| Struttura | Nel video |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + participio passato — un’azione passata che conta ancora adesso | have studied · has been raised · you've just edited |
| Frasi relative who / which + frase — un’informazione in più su una persona o una cosa | memory, which is · students who did · people who are |
| Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fa | being added · being lost · will be asked |
Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione
Chi parla usa 43 contrazioni e forme ridotte, come you're, I'm, they're. Pronunciale nella forma breve, così come le senti.
- I suoni “th”: algorithm /ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/, faithfully /ˈfeɪθfəli/
- I suoni “sh” e “zh”: ashamed /əˈʃeɪmd/, reconstruction /ˌɹiːkənˈstɹʌkʃən/, shuttle /ˈʃʌtəl/, explosion /ɛkˈsploʊ.ʒən/, congressional /kəŋˈɡɹɛ.ʃə.nəl/
- Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: testimony /ˈtɛstɪmoʊni/, reconstruction /ˌɹiːkənˈstɹʌkʃən/, biological /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/, laboratory /ˈlæb(ə)ɹəˌtɔɹi/, congressional /kəŋˈɡɹɛ.ʃə.nəl/
I suoni difficili per chi parla italiano:
- /h/ — va soffiata, non è muta: horrible /ˈhɔɹ.ɪ.bəl/, behave /bɪˈheɪv/, forehead /ˈfɔɹ.hɛd/, behavioral /bɪˈheɪvjəɹəl/
- Consonante finale — senza aggiungere una vocale dopo: induce /ɪnˈduːs/, edit /ˈɛdɪt/, explode /ɪkˈsploʊd/, ashamed /əˈʃeɪmd/, behave /bɪˈheɪv/
- /æ/ — più aperta della “e”: challenger /ˈt͡ʃælənd͡ʒəɹ/, angular /ˈæŋ.ɡjə.lɚ/, gap /ɡæp/, afterwards /ˈæf.tɚ.wɚdz/, crack /kɹæk/
Come esercitarsi con questo video
- Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
- Inizia a velocità 0,75×, fai shadowing frase per frase e torna alla velocità normale quando diventa facile.
- Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come challenger, induce, angular.
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.