シャドーイング練習: What Makes Extroverts Scientifically Happier than Introverts? - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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Extroverts are not a lot happier.

Extroverts are a little happier on average.

Decades of research have shown that extroverts have a significant, by that I mean statistically significant, not a large happiness edge,

but one that does show up in the data consistently over introverts.

And not only do they have sort of more intense periods of well -being,

but their general well -being is punctuated by frequent moments of joy.

Why do they tend to be a little bit happier?

Now, this kind of blends together a bunch of psychological theories, but here's the typical explanation for why that is the case.

Humans, we know, are inherently social animals.

You've heard me go on and on about the fact that we are a hierarchical kin -based pack tropical species.

Homo sapiens are, and our brains are suited to live in bands of 30 to 50 individuals

that have to be really together to survive, to pass on our genes and to survive.

We have to know our kin and be close to our kin and be highly social with our kin.

So we're like wolves in this way.

We're like many, many other pack animals.

We have to be together.

That being the case, that we are inherently social animals and that contact actually gives us a sense of satisfaction.

Extroverts who seek out contact to get this cortical stimulation, they're going to be happier as a result of doing this thing.

We're highly rewarded for being social.

We get a happiness reward for being social.

Okay, part one.

Part two, extroverts look for the stimulus because their brain needs it.

Ergo, when they try to go get that thing that their brain needs, they get happier naturally.

That's the whole idea.

They're social.

Being social makes you happy.

Extroverts love people, and so by doing what they naturally want to do, they become happier than introverts.

Now, the fact that introverts prefer solitude and struggle with sociability doesn't mean that avoiding contact makes them happier.

And this is an interesting thing.

So you might say, okay, so extroverts, they're happier because they're in contact with others,

so therefore introverts must be happier when they're not in contact with others.

This is absolutely the case and this is the argument that psychologists have always made,

that being an introvert and avoiding people is an example of meeting a need, but that that need not bringing you happiness.

We do this all the time.

We do all kinds of things here that meet a need in our life

or a perceived need in our life that actually make us less happy.

Because once again, Mother Nature doesn't care if you're happy.

We have to be responsible for that, not just following our animal impulses.

All right, now there are other reasons, more contemporary reasons than all of this.

I mean, I realize that some of that was relatively esoteric, but there are other more common sense reasons why you would find in the literature

that natural extroverts tend to be a little bit happier than natural introverts.

To begin with, extroversion in American society in particular is hugely rewarded, much, much less so in other societies, by the way.

In East Asia, for example, American -style extroversion is considered to be really weird.

and it makes people extremely uncomfortable, as a matter of fact.

I mean, if you go out to dinner with a bunch of your friends in East Asia, and you start talking about,

you know, personal issues in your life, it's not going to be rewarded.

That's more of an American thing.

It's also more of a Latin American thing.

I spend a lot of time, as some of you know, in Spain, because my wife is Spanish,

and so we've lived off and on in Barcelona for the past 35 years.

And when we're there, I mean, it's like, it's extroversion it's like 10, whereas it's less than that in the United States.

Relatively speaking, it's a far more extroverted place.

And the result is that you can have conversations that you never would.

I mean, I recounted in one of my columns some time ago about a wonderful dinner

that my wife and I had with complete strangers in Madrid last year.

And within 15 minutes, the hostess at this dinner of eight couples, we didn't know them.

She said, you know, I meant to ask all of you, what's the closest you all came to getting a divorce?

It's like strangers.

Gulp.

I mean, that would make people uncomfortable in the United States.

It would make people, you know, run screaming from the room in Japan, probably.

But in Spain, it's like, ah, interesting conversation.

Go deeper, go home, man.

And that's based on this naturally highly extroverted culture.

In the United States, it's rewarded not just socially, it's rewarded economically.

Extroverts make a lot more money.

There's an interesting study that shows that extroverts make about $12 ,000 more per year than introverts,

which at the general level is like, that's no joke.

When the average family of four in the United States makes about $75 ,000 a year, that's very significant.

That's almost a 20 % differential in what the average family is going to make, as a matter of fact.

They also, extroverts, they tend to attain other advantages in the workplace, such as promotions to leadership positions and high performance evaluations.

And there's a ton of studies on that.

There's one from the Journal of Applied Psychology I'll put in the notes.

called Extroversion Advantages at Work, a quantitative review and synthesis of the meta -analytic evidence.

Yeah, you got to see this because it turns out that we really reward it.

Now, I've seen it over the course of my career, not in my case, but I've taught at business schools for a long time.

I go back teaching at business schools for 30 years.

And business schools, they love extroverts.

I mean, I've taught classes where the grading criteria involved class participation up to 50 % of the grade.

I've seen classes that are 70 % of the grade are class participation.

And that's just like a root canal for introverts, putting your hand up and just going blah, blah, blah, blah, for the sake of the blah,

blah, blah, because you want to get your grade up.

Now, when I taught my classes, I tried very, despite my extroversion, because I'd be the guy like this all the time.

Again, not a flex.

But I didn't want to reward that in the same way, Because, you know, being a behavioral scientist, I got the data.

I don't want to unduly penalize people who just happen to be natural introverts.

So I would give them all different ways to participate.

And I would make sure with my calling patterns for people who are not having their hands up

that I would give them a particular opportunity at the beginning of class to get their comments in if they're getting counted.

Right.

But most professors don't do that.

At business schools, it's like wherever you got their hand up, gets called on, they get higher grades.

This is an example of the advantages that we're actually talking about.

That, quite frankly, can be extremely unfair, but it's the law of the jungle.

I mean, particularly when you're making your way into American culture.

Very interesting book that talks about how unfair that is and how inefficient that is,

is a very famous book maybe some of you already know about.

The wonderful author Susan Cain has the book

Quiet, The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking.

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I know she's not big on extroverts like me.

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I get it.

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But it's a wonderful book and it's really worth reading

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because she talks about examples of many wonderful things that have been created by introverts.

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And, you know, theory of gravity, you know, Isaac Newton was an introvert.

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Google was developed by introverts.

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And she argues that admiring and rewarding extroversion isn't just unfair, but it actually hinders progress.

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And so we should do something about that.

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It's actually, that book has been influential among leaders and it's been influential with me too.

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I mean, one of the reasons

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that I watch my call patterns to not marginalize the introverts in my class is precisely

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because of Susan Cain's work and how important it is.

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So if you ever feel disillusioned in the United States

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or any other place about our habit of elevating egotistical and charismatic leaders,

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you'll probably admit that Susan Cain has a point and

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that it's not just unfair but it's kind of unwise for us to be marginalizing introverts or not paying attention to them.

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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

このスピーキングレッスンは、動画「What Makes Extroverts Scientifically Happier than Introverts?」を教材にしています。繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：introvert, extroverts, happier, blah, extroversion。この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が115文、単語が1458語あります。音声の長さは8:06です。話す速さは速く、1分あたり約180語です。音のつながりや弱く発音される音が多くなります。単語の82%は英語の頻出3,000語に含まれます。残りは練習の前に確認しておきましょう。

この動画の重要語彙

動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。

単語	発音	意味
reward 名詞	/ɹɪˈwɔɹd/	見返り, 賞
unfair 形容詞	/ʌnˈfɛɚ/	不公平, ずるい
naturally 副詞	/ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/	勿論
happiness 名詞	/ˈhæpinɪs/	幸福, 幸せ
participation 名詞	/pɑːˌtɪs.ɪˈpeɪ.ʃən/	参加
stranger 名詞	/ˈstɹeɪnd͡ʒɚ/	知らない人, 見ず知らず
uncomfortable 形容詞	/ʌnˈkʌm.fɚ.tə.bl̩/	心地よくない
argue 動詞	/ˈɑɹ.ɡju/	議論する, 論ずる
explanation 名詞	/ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/	説明
participate 動詞	/pɑːˈtɪs.ɪ.peɪt/	参加する
promotion 名詞	/pɹəˈmoʊʃn̩/	昇進, 進級
sake 名詞	/ˈseɪ̯k/	-のために
intense 形容詞	/ɪnˈtɛns/	激しい
divorce 名詞	/dɪˈvɔːs/	離婚
gene 名詞	/d͡ʒiːn/	遺伝子

動画に出てくる句動詞

単語	発音	意味
go back 動詞		戻る, 帰る
hands up	/hæn(d)ˈzʌp/	手を上げろ！

繰り返し練習したい文

動画に出てくる短く完結した文です。日常会話でそのまま使えます。

We're like many, many other pack animals.
We're highly rewarded for being social.
I know she's not big on extroverts like me.

この動画の文法

話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。

文型	動画での表現
現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している	have shown · You've heard · have always made
受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる	is punctuated · are suited · is considered
関係詞節 who / which + 節 — 人や物について情報を加える	people who just · people who are

注意したい発音

話し手はthey're, we're, I'veなど、短縮形や弱形を30回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。

「sh」と「zh」の音: participation /pɑːˌtɪs.ɪˈpeɪ.ʃən/, influential /ɪnflʊˈɛnʃəl/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, promotion /pɹəˈmoʊʃn̩/, evaluation /ɪˌvæljuˈeɪʃn̩/
長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, participation /pɑːˌtɪs.ɪˈpeɪ.ʃən/, uncomfortable /ʌnˈkʌm.fɚ.tə.bl̩/, influential /ɪnflʊˈɛnʃəl/, inherently /ɪnˈhɛɹəntli/

日本語話者が苦手な音：

/r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, inherently /ɪnˈhɛɹəntli/, precisely /pɹɪˈsaɪs.li/, tropical /ˈtɹɑ.pɪ.kəl/, frankly /fɹæŋkli/
/v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: divorce /dɪˈvɔːs/, wherever /(h)wɛɹˈɛvɚ/, evaluation /ɪˌvæljuˈeɪʃn̩/, gravity /ˈɡɹævɪti/, behavioral /bɪˈheɪvjəɹəl/
/f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: unfair /ʌnˈfɛɚ/, uncomfortable /ʌnˈkʌm.fɚ.tə.bl̩/, influential /ɪnflʊˈɛnʃəl/, wolf /wʊlf/, frequent /ˈfɹiː.kwənt/

この動画での練習方法

まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。reward, unfair, naturallyなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →

シャドーイング練習: What Makes Extroverts Scientifically Happier than Introverts? - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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