Практика Shadowing: What Makes Extroverts Scientifically Happier than Introverts? - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

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Extroverts are not a lot happier.

Extroverts are a little happier on average.

Decades of research have shown that extroverts have a significant, by that I mean statistically significant, not a large happiness edge,

but one that does show up in the data consistently over introverts.

And not only do they have sort of more intense periods of well -being,

but their general well -being is punctuated by frequent moments of joy.

Why do they tend to be a little bit happier?

Now, this kind of blends together a bunch of psychological theories, but here's the typical explanation for why that is the case.

Humans, we know, are inherently social animals.

You've heard me go on and on about the fact that we are a hierarchical kin -based pack tropical species.

Homo sapiens are, and our brains are suited to live in bands of 30 to 50 individuals

that have to be really together to survive, to pass on our genes and to survive.

We have to know our kin and be close to our kin and be highly social with our kin.

So we're like wolves in this way.

We're like many, many other pack animals.

We have to be together.

That being the case, that we are inherently social animals and that contact actually gives us a sense of satisfaction.

Extroverts who seek out contact to get this cortical stimulation, they're going to be happier as a result of doing this thing.

We're highly rewarded for being social.

We get a happiness reward for being social.

Okay, part one.

Part two, extroverts look for the stimulus because their brain needs it.

Ergo, when they try to go get that thing that their brain needs, they get happier naturally.

That's the whole idea.

They're social.

Being social makes you happy.

Extroverts love people, and so by doing what they naturally want to do, they become happier than introverts.

Now, the fact that introverts prefer solitude and struggle with sociability doesn't mean that avoiding contact makes them happier.

And this is an interesting thing.

So you might say, okay, so extroverts, they're happier because they're in contact with others,

so therefore introverts must be happier when they're not in contact with others.

This is absolutely the case and this is the argument that psychologists have always made,

that being an introvert and avoiding people is an example of meeting a need, but that that need not bringing you happiness.

We do this all the time.

We do all kinds of things here that meet a need in our life

or a perceived need in our life that actually make us less happy.

Because once again, Mother Nature doesn't care if you're happy.

We have to be responsible for that, not just following our animal impulses.

All right, now there are other reasons, more contemporary reasons than all of this.

I mean, I realize that some of that was relatively esoteric, but there are other more common sense reasons why you would find in the literature

that natural extroverts tend to be a little bit happier than natural introverts.

To begin with, extroversion in American society in particular is hugely rewarded, much, much less so in other societies, by the way.

In East Asia, for example, American -style extroversion is considered to be really weird.

and it makes people extremely uncomfortable, as a matter of fact.

I mean, if you go out to dinner with a bunch of your friends in East Asia, and you start talking about,

you know, personal issues in your life, it's not going to be rewarded.

That's more of an American thing.

It's also more of a Latin American thing.

I spend a lot of time, as some of you know, in Spain, because my wife is Spanish,

and so we've lived off and on in Barcelona for the past 35 years.

And when we're there, I mean, it's like, it's extroversion it's like 10, whereas it's less than that in the United States.

Relatively speaking, it's a far more extroverted place.

And the result is that you can have conversations that you never would.

I mean, I recounted in one of my columns some time ago about a wonderful dinner

that my wife and I had with complete strangers in Madrid last year.

And within 15 minutes, the hostess at this dinner of eight couples, we didn't know them.

She said, you know, I meant to ask all of you, what's the closest you all came to getting a divorce?

It's like strangers.

Gulp.

I mean, that would make people uncomfortable in the United States.

It would make people, you know, run screaming from the room in Japan, probably.

But in Spain, it's like, ah, interesting conversation.

Go deeper, go home, man.

And that's based on this naturally highly extroverted culture.

In the United States, it's rewarded not just socially, it's rewarded economically.

Extroverts make a lot more money.

There's an interesting study that shows that extroverts make about $12 ,000 more per year than introverts,

which at the general level is like, that's no joke.

When the average family of four in the United States makes about $75 ,000 a year, that's very significant.

That's almost a 20 % differential in what the average family is going to make, as a matter of fact.

They also, extroverts, they tend to attain other advantages in the workplace, such as promotions to leadership positions and high performance evaluations.

And there's a ton of studies on that.

There's one from the Journal of Applied Psychology I'll put in the notes.

called Extroversion Advantages at Work, a quantitative review and synthesis of the meta -analytic evidence.

Yeah, you got to see this because it turns out that we really reward it.

Now, I've seen it over the course of my career, not in my case, but I've taught at business schools for a long time.

I go back teaching at business schools for 30 years.

And business schools, they love extroverts.

I mean, I've taught classes where the grading criteria involved class participation up to 50 % of the grade.

I've seen classes that are 70 % of the grade are class participation.

And that's just like a root canal for introverts, putting your hand up and just going blah, blah, blah, blah, for the sake of the blah,

blah, blah, because you want to get your grade up.

Now, when I taught my classes, I tried very, despite my extroversion, because I'd be the guy like this all the time.

Again, not a flex.

But I didn't want to reward that in the same way, Because, you know, being a behavioral scientist, I got the data.

I don't want to unduly penalize people who just happen to be natural introverts.

So I would give them all different ways to participate.

And I would make sure with my calling patterns for people who are not having their hands up

that I would give them a particular opportunity at the beginning of class to get their comments in if they're getting counted.

Right.

But most professors don't do that.

At business schools, it's like wherever you got their hand up, gets called on, they get higher grades.

This is an example of the advantages that we're actually talking about.

That, quite frankly, can be extremely unfair, but it's the law of the jungle.

I mean, particularly when you're making your way into American culture.

Very interesting book that talks about how unfair that is and how inefficient that is,

is a very famous book maybe some of you already know about.

The wonderful author Susan Cain has the book

Quiet, The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking.

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I know she's not big on extroverts like me.

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I get it.

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But it's a wonderful book and it's really worth reading

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because she talks about examples of many wonderful things that have been created by introverts.

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And, you know, theory of gravity, you know, Isaac Newton was an introvert.

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Google was developed by introverts.

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And she argues that admiring and rewarding extroversion isn't just unfair, but it actually hinders progress.

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And so we should do something about that.

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It's actually, that book has been influential among leaders and it's been influential with me too.

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I mean, one of the reasons

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that I watch my call patterns to not marginalize the introverts in my class is precisely

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because of Susan Cain's work and how important it is.

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So if you ever feel disillusioned in the United States

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or any other place about our habit of elevating egotistical and charismatic leaders,

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you'll probably admit that Susan Cain has a point and

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that it's not just unfair but it's kind of unwise for us to be marginalizing introverts or not paying attention to them.

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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку

Этот урок разговорной практики построен на видео «What Makes Extroverts Scientifically Happier than Introverts?». Чаще всего повторяются слова: introvert, extroverts, happier, blah, extroversion. В этом видео 115 предложений и 1458 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 8:06. Говорящий говорит быстро, около 180 слов в минуту, поэтому звуки часто сливаются и сокращаются. 82% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка; остальные стоит разобрать перед занятием.

Ключевая лексика этого видео

15 слов из видео, которые стоит выучить, с произношением и значением:

Слово	Произношение	Значение
reward существительное	/ɹɪˈwɔɹd/	награ́да, вознагражде́ние
unfair прилагательное	/ʌnˈfɛɚ/	несправедли́вый
naturally наречие	/ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/	есте́ственно
happiness существительное	/ˈhæpinɪs/	сча́стье, ра́дость
participation существительное	/pɑːˌtɪs.ɪˈpeɪ.ʃən/	уча́стие
stranger существительное	/ˈstɹeɪnd͡ʒɚ/	незнако́мец, незнако́мка
uncomfortable прилагательное	/ʌnˈkʌm.fɚ.tə.bl̩/	неудо́бный, некомфорта́бельный
influential прилагательное	/ɪnflʊˈɛnʃəl/	влия́тельный
argue глагол	/ˈɑɹ.ɡju/	спо́рить, обсужда́ть
explanation существительное	/ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/	объясне́ние, разъясне́ние
participate глагол	/pɑːˈtɪs.ɪ.peɪt/	уча́ствовать, принима́ть уча́стие
promotion существительное	/pɹəˈmoʊʃn̩/	продвиже́ние, повыше́ние
whereas	/(h)wɛɹˈæz/	тогда́ как, в то вре́мя как
sake существительное	/ˈseɪ̯k/	причи́на
intense прилагательное	/ɪnˈtɛns/	си́льный, интенси́вный

Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите

Слово	Произношение	Значение
go back глагол		возвраща́ться, возврати́ться
hands up	/hæn(d)ˈzʌp/	ру́ки вве́рх!
turn out глагол		ока́зываться, оказа́ться

Фразы, которые стоит повторять

Короткие законченные фразы из видео, которые пригодятся в повседневном разговоре:

We're like many, many other pack animals.
We're highly rewarded for being social.
I know she's not big on extroverts like me.

Грамматика в этом видео

Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:

Конструкция	В видео
Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас	have shown · You've heard · have always made
Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает	is punctuated · are suited · is considered
Придаточные определительные who / which + предложение — уточнение о человеке или предмете	people who just · people who are

Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание

Говорящий использует 30 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например they're, we're, I've. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.

Звуки «sh» и «zh»: participation /pɑːˌtɪs.ɪˈpeɪ.ʃən/, influential /ɪnflʊˈɛnʃəl/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, promotion /pɹəˈmoʊʃn̩/, evaluation /ɪˌvæljuˈeɪʃn̩/
Длинные слова — следите за ударением: naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, participation /pɑːˌtɪs.ɪˈpeɪ.ʃən/, uncomfortable /ʌnˈkʌm.fɚ.tə.bl̩/, influential /ɪnflʊˈɛnʃəl/, inherently /ɪnˈhɛɹəntli/

Звуки, трудные для русскоязычных:

/w/ — губы округлены, это не /v/: reward /ɹɪˈwɔɹd/, whereas /(h)wɛɹˈæz/, wolf /wʊlf/, frequent /ˈfɹiː.kwənt/, wherever /(h)wɛɹˈɛvɚ/
/h/ — лёгкий выдох, а не русское «х»: happiness /ˈhæpinɪs/, inherently /ɪnˈhɛɹəntli/, whereas /(h)wɛɹˈæz/, wherever /(h)wɛɹˈɛvɚ/, habit /ˈhæb.ɪt/
Звонкие согласные в конце слова — не оглушайте их: reward /ɹɪˈwɔɹd/, whereas /(h)wɛɹˈæz/, columns /ˈkɑləmz/, blend /blɛnd/, quantitative /ˈkwɑn.təˌteɪ.tɪv/

Как заниматься с этим видео

Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как reward, unfair, naturally.

Что такое техника Shadowing?

Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.

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