Prática de Shadowing: What Makes Extroverts Scientifically Happier than Introverts? - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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Extroverts are not a lot happier.
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Extroverts are a little happier on average.
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Decades of research have shown that extroverts have a significant, by that I mean statistically significant, not a large happiness edge,
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but one that does show up in the data consistently over introverts.
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And not only do they have sort of more intense periods of well -being,
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but their general well -being is punctuated by frequent moments of joy.
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Why do they tend to be a little bit happier?
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Now, this kind of blends together a bunch of psychological theories, but here's the typical explanation for why that is the case.
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Humans, we know, are inherently social animals.
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You've heard me go on and on about the fact that we are a hierarchical kin -based pack tropical species.
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Homo sapiens are, and our brains are suited to live in bands of 30 to 50 individuals
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that have to be really together to survive, to pass on our genes and to survive.
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We have to know our kin and be close to our kin and be highly social with our kin.
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So we're like wolves in this way.
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We're like many, many other pack animals.
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We have to be together.
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That being the case, that we are inherently social animals and that contact actually gives us a sense of satisfaction.
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Extroverts who seek out contact to get this cortical stimulation, they're going to be happier as a result of doing this thing.
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We're highly rewarded for being social.
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We get a happiness reward for being social.
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Okay, part one.
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Part two, extroverts look for the stimulus because their brain needs it.
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Ergo, when they try to go get that thing that their brain needs, they get happier naturally.
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That's the whole idea.
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They're social.
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Being social makes you happy.
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Extroverts love people, and so by doing what they naturally want to do, they become happier than introverts.
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Now, the fact that introverts prefer solitude and struggle with sociability doesn't mean that avoiding contact makes them happier.
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And this is an interesting thing.
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So you might say, okay, so extroverts, they're happier because they're in contact with others,
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so therefore introverts must be happier when they're not in contact with others.
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This is absolutely the case and this is the argument that psychologists have always made,
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that being an introvert and avoiding people is an example of meeting a need, but that that need not bringing you happiness.
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We do this all the time.
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We do all kinds of things here that meet a need in our life
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or a perceived need in our life that actually make us less happy.
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Because once again, Mother Nature doesn't care if you're happy.
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We have to be responsible for that, not just following our animal impulses.
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All right, now there are other reasons, more contemporary reasons than all of this.
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I mean, I realize that some of that was relatively esoteric, but there are other more common sense reasons why you would find in the literature
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that natural extroverts tend to be a little bit happier than natural introverts.
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To begin with, extroversion in American society in particular is hugely rewarded, much, much less so in other societies, by the way.
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In East Asia, for example, American -style extroversion is considered to be really weird.
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and it makes people extremely uncomfortable, as a matter of fact.
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I mean, if you go out to dinner with a bunch of your friends in East Asia, and you start talking about,
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you know, personal issues in your life, it's not going to be rewarded.
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That's more of an American thing.
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It's also more of a Latin American thing.
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I spend a lot of time, as some of you know, in Spain, because my wife is Spanish,
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and so we've lived off and on in Barcelona for the past 35 years.
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And when we're there, I mean, it's like, it's extroversion it's like 10, whereas it's less than that in the United States.
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Relatively speaking, it's a far more extroverted place.
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And the result is that you can have conversations that you never would.
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I mean, I recounted in one of my columns some time ago about a wonderful dinner
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that my wife and I had with complete strangers in Madrid last year.
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And within 15 minutes, the hostess at this dinner of eight couples, we didn't know them.
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She said, you know, I meant to ask all of you, what's the closest you all came to getting a divorce?
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It's like strangers.
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Gulp.
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I mean, that would make people uncomfortable in the United States.
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It would make people, you know, run screaming from the room in Japan, probably.
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But in Spain, it's like, ah, interesting conversation.
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Go deeper, go home, man.
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And that's based on this naturally highly extroverted culture.
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In the United States, it's rewarded not just socially, it's rewarded economically.
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Extroverts make a lot more money.
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There's an interesting study that shows that extroverts make about $12 ,000 more per year than introverts,
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which at the general level is like, that's no joke.
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When the average family of four in the United States makes about $75 ,000 a year, that's very significant.
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That's almost a 20 % differential in what the average family is going to make, as a matter of fact.
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They also, extroverts, they tend to attain other advantages in the workplace, such as promotions to leadership positions and high performance evaluations.
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And there's a ton of studies on that.
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There's one from the Journal of Applied Psychology I'll put in the notes.
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called Extroversion Advantages at Work, a quantitative review and synthesis of the meta -analytic evidence.
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Yeah, you got to see this because it turns out that we really reward it.
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Now, I've seen it over the course of my career, not in my case, but I've taught at business schools for a long time.
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I go back teaching at business schools for 30 years.
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And business schools, they love extroverts.
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I mean, I've taught classes where the grading criteria involved class participation up to 50 % of the grade.
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I've seen classes that are 70 % of the grade are class participation.
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And that's just like a root canal for introverts, putting your hand up and just going blah, blah, blah, blah, for the sake of the blah,
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blah, blah, because you want to get your grade up.
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Now, when I taught my classes, I tried very, despite my extroversion, because I'd be the guy like this all the time.
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Again, not a flex.
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But I didn't want to reward that in the same way, Because, you know, being a behavioral scientist, I got the data.
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I don't want to unduly penalize people who just happen to be natural introverts.
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So I would give them all different ways to participate.
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And I would make sure with my calling patterns for people who are not having their hands up
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that I would give them a particular opportunity at the beginning of class to get their comments in if they're getting counted.
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Right.
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But most professors don't do that.
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At business schools, it's like wherever you got their hand up, gets called on, they get higher grades.
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This is an example of the advantages that we're actually talking about.
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That, quite frankly, can be extremely unfair, but it's the law of the jungle.
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I mean, particularly when you're making your way into American culture.
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Very interesting book that talks about how unfair that is and how inefficient that is,
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is a very famous book maybe some of you already know about.
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The wonderful author Susan Cain has the book
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Quiet, The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking.
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I know she's not big on extroverts like me.
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I get it.
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But it's a wonderful book and it's really worth reading
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because she talks about examples of many wonderful things that have been created by introverts.
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And, you know, theory of gravity, you know, Isaac Newton was an introvert.
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Google was developed by introverts.
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And she argues that admiring and rewarding extroversion isn't just unfair, but it actually hinders progress.
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And so we should do something about that.
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It's actually, that book has been influential among leaders and it's been influential with me too.
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I mean, one of the reasons
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that I watch my call patterns to not marginalize the introverts in my class is precisely
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because of Susan Cain's work and how important it is.
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So if you ever feel disillusioned in the United States
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or any other place about our habit of elevating egotistical and charismatic leaders,
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you'll probably admit that Susan Cain has a point and
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that it's not just unfair but it's kind of unwise for us to be marginalizing introverts or not paying attention to them.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação usa o vídeo “What Makes Extroverts Scientifically Happier than Introverts?”. As palavras que mais se repetem: introvert, extroverts, happier, blah, extroversion. Este vídeo tem 115 frases e 1458 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 8:06. O falante fala rápido, cerca de 180 palavras por minuto, então espere sons ligados e reduzidos. 82% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês; vale a pena estudar o restante antes de começar.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| reward substantivo | /ɹɪˈwɔɹd/ | recompensa |
| unfair adjetivo | /ʌnˈfɛɚ/ | injusto |
| naturally advérbio | /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/ | naturalmente |
| happiness substantivo | /ˈhæpinɪs/ | felicidade, alegria |
| participation substantivo | /pɑːˌtɪs.ɪˈpeɪ.ʃən/ | participação |
| stranger substantivo | /ˈstɹeɪnd͡ʒɚ/ | estranho, estranha |
| uncomfortable adjetivo | /ʌnˈkʌm.fɚ.tə.bl̩/ | desconfortável, incómodo |
| influential adjetivo | /ɪnflʊˈɛnʃəl/ | influente |
| inherently advérbio | /ɪnˈhɛɹəntli/ | inerentemente |
| argue verbo | /ˈɑɹ.ɡju/ | discutir, argumentar |
| explanation substantivo | /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/ | explicação, explanação |
| participate verbo | /pɑːˈtɪs.ɪ.peɪt/ | participar |
| promotion substantivo | /pɹəˈmoʊʃn̩/ | promoção |
| whereas | /(h)wɛɹˈæz/ | enquanto, ao passo que |
| sake substantivo | /ˈseɪ̯k/ | causa, interesse |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| go back verbo | voltar | |
| hands up | /hæn(d)ˈzʌp/ | mãos ao alto! |
| turn out verbo | terminar |
Frases que vale a pena repetir
Frases curtas e completas do vídeo que você pode usar na conversa do dia a dia:
- We're like many, many other pack animals.
- We're highly rewarded for being social.
- I know she's not big on extroverts like me.
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | have shown · You've heard · have always made |
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | is punctuated · are suited · is considered |
| Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisa | people who just · people who are |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 30 contrações e formas reduzidas, como they're, we're, I've. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: participation /pɑːˌtɪs.ɪˈpeɪ.ʃən/, influential /ɪnflʊˈɛnʃəl/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, promotion /pɹəˈmoʊʃn̩/, evaluation /ɪˌvæljuˈeɪʃn̩/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, participation /pɑːˌtɪs.ɪˈpeɪ.ʃən/, uncomfortable /ʌnˈkʌm.fɚ.tə.bl̩/, influential /ɪnflʊˈɛnʃəl/, inherently /ɪnˈhɛɹəntli/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: reward /ɹɪˈwɔɹd/, participate /pɑːˈtɪs.ɪ.peɪt/, sake /ˈseɪ̯k/, frequent /ˈfɹiː.kwənt/, habit /ˈhæb.ɪt/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: influential /ɪnflʊˈɛnʃəl/, canal /kəˈnæl/, tropical /ˈtɹɑ.pɪ.kəl/, jungle /ˈd͡ʒʌŋ.ɡ(ə)l/, behavioral /bɪˈheɪvjəɹəl/
- /h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: happiness /ˈhæpinɪs/, inherently /ɪnˈhɛɹəntli/, whereas /(h)wɛɹˈæz/, wherever /(h)wɛɹˈɛvɚ/, habit /ˈhæb.ɪt/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como reward, unfair, naturally.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.