Prática de Shadowing: The positive effects of positive emotions - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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Tanya Cushman Reviewer Reviewer.
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If I asked
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you what emotions psychologists have spent most of their time studying,
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Would you be surprised if the answer was anger, fear, anxiety, or sadness?
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Well, it surprised me.
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Now, don't get me wrong, this research is incredibly important.
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But focusing so heavily on our negative emotions portrays a very one-sided image of the human experience
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that fails to capture its beauty and its resilience.
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We feel such a wide variety of positive emotions, like compassion, joy, love, and awe.
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In fact, in our everyday lives, we experience these positive emotions three times as often as negative emotions.
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Now, I'm happy to report that a new generation of researchers, myself included, are starting to focus on the impact of positive emotions for outcomes like health,
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relationship quality, and well-being.
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And it turns out that across every domain of measurement, the positive emotions are revealing themselves to have a profound effect.
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Let me tell you about two studies my colleagues and I have done.
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They both focus on one potential biological pathway between positive emotions and physical health.
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At the center of this work are some important markers of immune functioning, called pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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These proteins are called the regulators of the immune system, and they actively promote inflammation in the body in response to infection, illness, or injury.
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Now, they may be small in size, but I can assure you that their impact is dramatic.
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They give rise to acute symptoms like fever, fatigue, and even pain.
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And over time, when chronically elevated, they have harmful effects for health, contributing to diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and depression.
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Now, there are many different types of pro-inflammatory cytokines, so in our work we chose to focus on one called interleukin-6, or IL-6 for short.
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Thanks to scientific advances, we can now measure IL-6 relatively cheaply and easily in the lab by collecting a person's saliva.
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Our idea was that people who experience more positive emotions would have lower levels of IL-6 circulating in their body.
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Why did we think this?
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Well, certain negative emotions have been associated with increases in IL-6.
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So we thought perhaps positive emotions would have the opposite effect, leading to lower levels of this damaging biomarker.
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So in two studies, we had students come into the lab, and we measured how much positive emotion they felt in the past month.
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Then we collected a sample of saliva in order to measure IL-6.
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It turns out that our hypothesis was correct.
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Positive emotions predicted lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in our student population.
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So next we asked, are certain positive emotions better predictors of lower levels of IL-6 than others?
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So in an additional study, we had participants fill out a survey that was designed to measure the frequency
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and intensity with which people experience seven specific positive emotions.
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Amusement, awe, contentment, compassion, pride, love, and joy.
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Not only did we replicate our original findings, that positive emotions predicted lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines,
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we also found that four specific positive emotions were particularly good predictors of lower levels of IL-6.
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Those emotions were joy, pride, contentment, and awe, and their predictive value was significant.
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Interestingly, the emotion of awe had the strongest negative relationship to levels of IL-6.
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Even when we controlled for the other six positive emotions, even when we took the relevant personality measures into account,
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and even when we used another measure that asked participants how much awe, wonder, and amazement they felt the day they came into the lab.
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So let's talk a little bit about awe.
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Awe is a powerful and transformative emotion.
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It's inspired great works of art, incited religious movements, and generated philosophical musings about the sublime.
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But despite this impressive resume, only very recently have we begun to study this emotion in psychology. So what is awe?
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I define it by its synonyms, wonder and amazement, and by its psychological experience.
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We feel awe when we encounter something vast and grand that challenges our world view.
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It makes us feel small in the presence of something bigger than ourselves, and connected with others around us.
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Now, you might be thinking that you have to travel to remote places in order to experience this emotion, but I can tell you that that's not the case.
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In fact, participants report feeling awe about twice a week on average, making it a more common emotion than you might expect.
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We feel awe when we hear beautiful music, when we look up at the night sky and see the stars,
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or when we watch athletes achieve feats that we thought were beyond reality.
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So here's the question.
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Why would awe be a better predictor of good health than other positive emotions.
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We don't yet know.
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It may be because awe is particularly potent at reducing stress or increasing feelings of social connection.
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It may be because awe generates a desire to engage or explore the world around us.
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Recent work suggests that awe promotes greater humility, pro-sociality, and well-being.
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And all of these things could impact physical health.
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What I do know is that these findings have changed how I think about awe in my own life.
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I used to see a walk in nature or a trip to the museum
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as a luxury that I could rarely afford in my busy life.
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Now I see these experiences as essential to my mental and physical health.
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And as a field, we psychologists are changing how we think about positive emotions.
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We now recognize that they aren't simply the absence of negative emotions, but that they're colorful and varied in their own right,
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and that specific positive emotions like awe might hold important benefits for things like physical health.
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Now, we still have a lot to learn about the emotion of awe, but it's fascinating to think that in seeking out the beauty
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and the mystery and the vastness that our world has to offer, that we might actually find the key to our own physical health.
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Thank you.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação de nível C1 usa o vídeo “The positive effects of positive emotions”. As palavras que mais se repetem: emotion, awe, positive, levels, experience. Este vídeo tem 68 frases e 1017 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 7:27. O falante mantém um ritmo estável de cerca de 137 palavras por minuto, confortável para o shadowing. Apenas 79% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é exigente.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
As 15 palavras mais avançadas do vídeo, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| cytokine substantivo | /ˈsaɪ.təˌkaɪn/ | citocina |
| inflammatory adjetivo | /ɪnˈflæmət(ə)ɹi/ | inflamatório |
| participant substantivo | /pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/ | participante |
| amazement substantivo | /əˈmeɪz.mənt/ | fascínio, fascinação |
| contentment substantivo | /kənˈtɛntmənt/ | contentamento, satisfação |
| saliva substantivo | /səˈlaɪvə/ | saliva |
| psychologist substantivo | /ˌsaɪˈkɑl.ə.d͡ʒɪst/ | psicólogo, psicóloga |
| compassion substantivo | /kəmˈpæʃ.ən/ | compaixão |
| predict verbo | /pɹɪˈdɪkt/ | prever |
| biomarker substantivo | /ˈbaɪoʊˌmɑɹkɚ/ | biomarcador |
| chronically advérbio | cronicamente | |
| circulate verbo | /ˈsɝ.kjʊˌleɪt/ | circular |
| elevate verbo | /ˈɛləveɪt/ | elevar |
| fascinate verbo | /ˈfæsɪneɪt/ | fascinar |
| incite verbo | /ɪnˈsaɪt/ | incitar, provocar |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| turn out verbo | terminar | |
| fill out verbo | /fɪl ˈaʊt/ | preencher |
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | have spent · have done · have been associated |
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | are called · have been associated · was designed |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 5 contrações e formas reduzidas, como don't, aren't, I'm. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “th”: pathway /ˈpæθˌweɪ/, hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: compassion /kəmˈpæʃ.ən/, sociality /ˌsoʊ.ʃiˈæləti/, inflammation /ɪnfləˈmeɪ̯ʃən/, measurement /ˈmɛʒ.ə.mənt/, assure /əˈʃʊɹ/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: inflammatory /ɪnˈflæmət(ə)ɹi/, participant /pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/, psychologist /ˌsaɪˈkɑl.ə.d͡ʒɪst/, sociality /ˌsoʊ.ʃiˈæləti/, transformative /tɹænsˈfɔɹmətɪv/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: participant /pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/, amazement /əˈmeɪz.mənt/, contentment /kənˈtɛntmənt/, psychologist /ˌsaɪˈkɑl.ə.d͡ʒɪst/, predict /pɹɪˈdɪkt/
- /h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: humility /hjuːˈmɪlɪti/, hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/, harmful /ˈhɑɹmfl̩/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Faça shadowing frase por frase na velocidade normal, repetindo cada uma até o seu ritmo ficar igual ao do falante.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como cytokine, inflammatory, participant.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.