쉐도잉 연습: The positive effects of positive emotions - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기

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Tanya Cushman Reviewer Reviewer.

If I asked

you what emotions psychologists have spent most of their time studying,

Would you be surprised if the answer was anger, fear, anxiety, or sadness?

Well, it surprised me.

Now, don't get me wrong, this research is incredibly important.

But focusing so heavily on our negative emotions portrays a very one-sided image of the human experience

that fails to capture its beauty and its resilience.

We feel such a wide variety of positive emotions, like compassion, joy, love, and awe.

In fact, in our everyday lives, we experience these positive emotions three times as often as negative emotions.

Now, I'm happy to report that a new generation of researchers, myself included, are starting to focus on the impact of positive emotions for outcomes like health,

relationship quality, and well-being.

And it turns out that across every domain of measurement, the positive emotions are revealing themselves to have a profound effect.

Let me tell you about two studies my colleagues and I have done.

They both focus on one potential biological pathway between positive emotions and physical health.

At the center of this work are some important markers of immune functioning, called pro-inflammatory cytokines.

These proteins are called the regulators of the immune system, and they actively promote inflammation in the body in response to infection, illness, or injury.

Now, they may be small in size, but I can assure you that their impact is dramatic.

They give rise to acute symptoms like fever, fatigue, and even pain.

And over time, when chronically elevated, they have harmful effects for health, contributing to diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and depression.

Now, there are many different types of pro-inflammatory cytokines, so in our work we chose to focus on one called interleukin-6, or IL-6 for short.

Thanks to scientific advances, we can now measure IL-6 relatively cheaply and easily in the lab by collecting a person's saliva.

Our idea was that people who experience more positive emotions would have lower levels of IL-6 circulating in their body.

Why did we think this?

Well, certain negative emotions have been associated with increases in IL-6.

So we thought perhaps positive emotions would have the opposite effect, leading to lower levels of this damaging biomarker.

So in two studies, we had students come into the lab, and we measured how much positive emotion they felt in the past month.

Then we collected a sample of saliva in order to measure IL-6.

It turns out that our hypothesis was correct.

Positive emotions predicted lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in our student population.

So next we asked, are certain positive emotions better predictors of lower levels of IL-6 than others?

So in an additional study, we had participants fill out a survey that was designed to measure the frequency

and intensity with which people experience seven specific positive emotions.

Amusement, awe, contentment, compassion, pride, love, and joy.

Not only did we replicate our original findings, that positive emotions predicted lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines,

we also found that four specific positive emotions were particularly good predictors of lower levels of IL-6.

Those emotions were joy, pride, contentment, and awe, and their predictive value was significant.

Interestingly, the emotion of awe had the strongest negative relationship to levels of IL-6.

Even when we controlled for the other six positive emotions, even when we took the relevant personality measures into account,

and even when we used another measure that asked participants how much awe, wonder, and amazement they felt the day they came into the lab.

So let's talk a little bit about awe.

Awe is a powerful and transformative emotion.

It's inspired great works of art, incited religious movements, and generated philosophical musings about the sublime.

But despite this impressive resume, only very recently have we begun to study this emotion in psychology. So what is awe?

I define it by its synonyms, wonder and amazement, and by its psychological experience.

We feel awe when we encounter something vast and grand that challenges our world view.

It makes us feel small in the presence of something bigger than ourselves, and connected with others around us.

Now, you might be thinking that you have to travel to remote places in order to experience this emotion, but I can tell you that that's not the case.

In fact, participants report feeling awe about twice a week on average, making it a more common emotion than you might expect.

We feel awe when we hear beautiful music, when we look up at the night sky and see the stars,

or when we watch athletes achieve feats that we thought were beyond reality.

So here's the question.

Why would awe be a better predictor of good health than other positive emotions.

We don't yet know.

It may be because awe is particularly potent at reducing stress or increasing feelings of social connection.

It may be because awe generates a desire to engage or explore the world around us.

Recent work suggests that awe promotes greater humility, pro-sociality, and well-being.

And all of these things could impact physical health.

What I do know is that these findings have changed how I think about awe in my own life.

I used to see a walk in nature or a trip to the museum

as a luxury that I could rarely afford in my busy life.

Now I see these experiences as essential to my mental and physical health.

And as a field, we psychologists are changing how we think about positive emotions.

We now recognize that they aren't simply the absence of negative emotions, but that they're colorful and varied in their own right,

and that specific positive emotions like awe might hold important benefits for things like physical health.

Now, we still have a lot to learn about the emotion of awe, but it's fascinating to think that in seeking out the beauty

and the mystery and the vastness that our world has to offer, that we might actually find the key to our own physical health.

Thank you.

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이 레슨의 어휘와 말하기 포인트

이 C1 수준 말하기 레슨은 영상 “The positive effects of positive emotions”을(를) 바탕으로 합니다. 가장 자주 반복되는 단어는 다음과 같습니다: emotion, awe, positive, levels, experience. 이 영상에는 섀도잉할 문장 68개와 단어 1017개가 있습니다. 말하는 구간의 길이는 7:27입니다. 화자는 분당 약 137단어의 일정한 속도로 말해서 섀도잉하기에 편한 속도입니다. 영어에서 가장 많이 쓰이는 3,000단어에 속하는 단어가 79%뿐이라 어휘가 어려운 편입니다.

이 영상의 핵심 어휘

영상에서 가장 어려운 단어 15개를 발음, 뜻과 함께 정리했습니다.

단어	발음	뜻
participant 명사	/pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/	참가자
saliva 명사	/səˈlaɪvə/	침
psychologist 명사	/ˌsaɪˈkɑl.ə.d͡ʒɪst/	심리학자
compassion 명사	/kəmˈpæʃ.ən/	동정
predict 동사	/pɹɪˈdɪkt/	예언하다, 예측하다
synonym 명사	/ˈsɪn.əˌnɪm/	같은말, 비슷한말
resilience 명사	/ɹɪˈzɪl.ɪ.əns/	탄성
humility 명사	/hjuːˈmɪlɪti/	겸손
regulator 명사	/ˈɹɛɡ.ju.leɪ.tɚ/	조절기
portray 동사	/poɹˈtɹeɪ̯/	묘사하다
symptom 명사	/ˈsɪm(p)təm/	증상, 증후
inflammation 명사	/ɪnfləˈmeɪ̯ʃən/	염증
amusement 명사	/əˈmjuzmənt/	오락, 놀이
fatigue 명사	/fəˈtiːɡ/	피곤, 피로
hypothesis 명사	/haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/	가설

영상에 나오는 구동사

단어	발음	뜻
fill out 동사	/fɪl ˈaʊt/	기입하다

이 영상의 문법

화자가 가장 많이 쓰는 문형을 영상 속 실제 표현과 함께 정리했습니다.

문형	영상 속 표현
현재완료 have/has + 과거분사 — 과거의 일이 지금도 관련이 있을 때	have spent · have done · have been associated
수동태 be + 과거분사 — 누가 하는지보다 무슨 일이 일어나는지에 초점	are called · have been associated · was designed

주의할 발음

화자는 don't, aren't, I'm 같은 축약형과 약화된 형태를 5번 사용합니다. 들리는 대로 짧게 발음하세요.

“th” 소리: pathway /ˈpæθˌweɪ/, hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/
“sh”와 “zh” 소리: compassion /kəmˈpæʃ.ən/, sociality /ˌsoʊ.ʃiˈæləti/, inflammation /ɪnfləˈmeɪ̯ʃən/, measurement /ˈmɛʒ.ə.mənt/, assure /əˈʃʊɹ/
긴 단어 — 강세 위치에 주의: inflammatory /ɪnˈflæmət(ə)ɹi/, participant /pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/, psychologist /ˌsaɪˈkɑl.ə.d͡ʒɪst/, sociality /ˌsoʊ.ʃiˈæləti/, transformative /tɹænsˈfɔɹmətɪv/

한국어 화자가 어려워하는 소리:

/f/ — ㅍ(/p/)으로 바꾸지 말고 윗니를 아랫입술에 대기: inflammatory /ɪnˈflæmət(ə)ɹi/, fascinate /ˈfæsɪneɪt/, transformative /tɹænsˈfɔɹmətɪv/, inflammation /ɪnfləˈmeɪ̯ʃən/, colorful /ˈkʌl.əɹ.fl̩/
/v/ — ㅂ(/b/)과 구별하기: saliva /səˈlaɪvə/, elevate /ˈɛləveɪt/, predictive /pɹɪˈdɪk.tɪv/, transformative /tɹænsˈfɔɹmətɪv/, vastness /ˈvæstnəs/
/z/ — ㅈ이 아니라 성대를 울리는 /s/: amazement /əˈmeɪz.mənt/, resilience /ɹɪˈzɪl.ɪ.əns/, amusement /əˈmjuzmənt/

이 영상으로 연습하는 방법

먼저 말하지 않고 영상을 끝까지 듣고 모르는 단어를 적어 둡니다.
보통 속도로 한 문장씩 섀도잉하고, 화자의 리듬과 맞을 때까지 반복합니다.
자신의 목소리를 녹음해 원본과 비교하고, participant, saliva, psychologist 같은 단어에 특히 주의합니다.

쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법

쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.

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쉐도잉 연습: The positive effects of positive emotions - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기

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