シャドーイング練習: The positive effects of positive emotions - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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Tanya Cushman Reviewer Reviewer.

If I asked

you what emotions psychologists have spent most of their time studying,

Would you be surprised if the answer was anger, fear, anxiety, or sadness?

Well, it surprised me.

Now, don't get me wrong, this research is incredibly important.

But focusing so heavily on our negative emotions portrays a very one-sided image of the human experience

that fails to capture its beauty and its resilience.

We feel such a wide variety of positive emotions, like compassion, joy, love, and awe.

In fact, in our everyday lives, we experience these positive emotions three times as often as negative emotions.

Now, I'm happy to report that a new generation of researchers, myself included, are starting to focus on the impact of positive emotions for outcomes like health,

relationship quality, and well-being.

And it turns out that across every domain of measurement, the positive emotions are revealing themselves to have a profound effect.

Let me tell you about two studies my colleagues and I have done.

They both focus on one potential biological pathway between positive emotions and physical health.

At the center of this work are some important markers of immune functioning, called pro-inflammatory cytokines.

These proteins are called the regulators of the immune system, and they actively promote inflammation in the body in response to infection, illness, or injury.

Now, they may be small in size, but I can assure you that their impact is dramatic.

They give rise to acute symptoms like fever, fatigue, and even pain.

And over time, when chronically elevated, they have harmful effects for health, contributing to diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and depression.

Now, there are many different types of pro-inflammatory cytokines, so in our work we chose to focus on one called interleukin-6, or IL-6 for short.

Thanks to scientific advances, we can now measure IL-6 relatively cheaply and easily in the lab by collecting a person's saliva.

Our idea was that people who experience more positive emotions would have lower levels of IL-6 circulating in their body.

Why did we think this?

Well, certain negative emotions have been associated with increases in IL-6.

So we thought perhaps positive emotions would have the opposite effect, leading to lower levels of this damaging biomarker.

So in two studies, we had students come into the lab, and we measured how much positive emotion they felt in the past month.

Then we collected a sample of saliva in order to measure IL-6.

It turns out that our hypothesis was correct.

Positive emotions predicted lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in our student population.

So next we asked, are certain positive emotions better predictors of lower levels of IL-6 than others?

So in an additional study, we had participants fill out a survey that was designed to measure the frequency

and intensity with which people experience seven specific positive emotions.

Amusement, awe, contentment, compassion, pride, love, and joy.

Not only did we replicate our original findings, that positive emotions predicted lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines,

we also found that four specific positive emotions were particularly good predictors of lower levels of IL-6.

Those emotions were joy, pride, contentment, and awe, and their predictive value was significant.

Interestingly, the emotion of awe had the strongest negative relationship to levels of IL-6.

Even when we controlled for the other six positive emotions, even when we took the relevant personality measures into account,

and even when we used another measure that asked participants how much awe, wonder, and amazement they felt the day they came into the lab.

So let's talk a little bit about awe.

Awe is a powerful and transformative emotion.

It's inspired great works of art, incited religious movements, and generated philosophical musings about the sublime.

But despite this impressive resume, only very recently have we begun to study this emotion in psychology. So what is awe?

I define it by its synonyms, wonder and amazement, and by its psychological experience.

We feel awe when we encounter something vast and grand that challenges our world view.

It makes us feel small in the presence of something bigger than ourselves, and connected with others around us.

Now, you might be thinking that you have to travel to remote places in order to experience this emotion, but I can tell you that that's not the case.

In fact, participants report feeling awe about twice a week on average, making it a more common emotion than you might expect.

We feel awe when we hear beautiful music, when we look up at the night sky and see the stars,

or when we watch athletes achieve feats that we thought were beyond reality.

So here's the question.

Why would awe be a better predictor of good health than other positive emotions.

We don't yet know.

It may be because awe is particularly potent at reducing stress or increasing feelings of social connection.

It may be because awe generates a desire to engage or explore the world around us.

Recent work suggests that awe promotes greater humility, pro-sociality, and well-being.

And all of these things could impact physical health.

What I do know is that these findings have changed how I think about awe in my own life.

I used to see a walk in nature or a trip to the museum

as a luxury that I could rarely afford in my busy life.

Now I see these experiences as essential to my mental and physical health.

And as a field, we psychologists are changing how we think about positive emotions.

We now recognize that they aren't simply the absence of negative emotions, but that they're colorful and varied in their own right,

and that specific positive emotions like awe might hold important benefits for things like physical health.

Now, we still have a lot to learn about the emotion of awe, but it's fascinating to think that in seeking out the beauty

and the mystery and the vastness that our world has to offer, that we might actually find the key to our own physical health.

Thank you.

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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

このC1レベルのスピーキングレッスンは、動画「The positive effects of positive emotions」を教材にしています。繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：emotion, awe, positive, levels, experience。この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が68文、単語が1017語あります。音声の長さは7:27です。話す速さは1分あたり約137語で安定しており、シャドーイングしやすいペースです。英語の頻出3,000語に含まれる単語は79%だけなので、語彙は難しめです。

この動画の重要語彙

動画の中で特に難しい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。

単語	発音	意味
participant 名詞	/pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/	参加者, 関与者
saliva 名詞	/səˈlaɪvə/	唾, 唾液
psychologist 名詞	/ˌsaɪˈkɑl.ə.d͡ʒɪst/	心理学者
compassion 名詞	/kəmˈpæʃ.ən/	同情
predict 動詞	/pɹɪˈdɪkt/	予言する
fascinate 動詞	/ˈfæsɪneɪt/	魅惑する
incite 動詞	/ɪnˈsaɪt/	扇ぐ, 嗾ける
synonym 名詞	/ˈsɪn.əˌnɪm/	同義語, 類義語
humility 名詞	/hjuːˈmɪlɪti/	謙遜
symptom 名詞	/ˈsɪm(p)təm/	症状, 症候
cardiovascular 形容詞	/ˌkɑːdi.əʊˈvæskjʊlə(ɹ)/	心臓血管
inflammation 名詞	/ɪnfləˈmeɪ̯ʃən/	炎症
amusement 名詞	/əˈmjuzmənt/	娯楽, アミューズメント
colorful 形容詞	/ˈkʌl.əɹ.fl̩/	カラフル
fatigue 名詞	/fəˈtiːɡ/	疲労, 疲れ

動画に出てくる句動詞

単語	発音	意味
fill out 動詞	/fɪl ˈaʊt/	書き込む, 記入する

この動画の文法

話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。

文型	動画での表現
現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している	have spent · have done · have been associated
受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる	are called · have been associated · was designed

注意したい発音

話し手はdon't, aren't, I'mなど、短縮形や弱形を5回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。

「th」の音: pathway /ˈpæθˌweɪ/, hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/
「sh」と「zh」の音: compassion /kəmˈpæʃ.ən/, sociality /ˌsoʊ.ʃiˈæləti/, inflammation /ɪnfləˈmeɪ̯ʃən/, measurement /ˈmɛʒ.ə.mənt/, assure /əˈʃʊɹ/
長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: inflammatory /ɪnˈflæmət(ə)ɹi/, participant /pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/, psychologist /ˌsaɪˈkɑl.ə.d͡ʒɪst/, sociality /ˌsoʊ.ʃiˈæləti/, transformative /tɹænsˈfɔɹmətɪv/

日本語話者が苦手な音：

/r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: inflammatory /ɪnˈflæmət(ə)ɹi/, replicate /ˈɹɛplɪkeɪt/, resilience /ɹɪˈzɪl.ɪ.əns/, regulator /ˈɹɛɡ.ju.leɪ.tɚ/, cardiovascular /ˌkɑːdi.əʊˈvæskjʊlə(ɹ)/
/v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: saliva /səˈlaɪvə/, elevate /ˈɛləveɪt/, predictive /pɹɪˈdɪk.tɪv/, transformative /tɹænsˈfɔɹmətɪv/, vastness /ˈvæstnəs/
/f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: inflammatory /ɪnˈflæmət(ə)ɹi/, fascinate /ˈfæsɪneɪt/, transformative /tɹænsˈfɔɹmətɪv/, inflammation /ɪnfləˈmeɪ̯ʃən/, colorful /ˈkʌl.əɹ.fl̩/

この動画での練習方法

まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
通常の速度で一文ずつシャドーイングし、話し手のリズムに合うまで繰り返します。
自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。participant, saliva, psychologistなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →

シャドーイング練習: The positive effects of positive emotions - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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