シャドーイング練習: Why I’m against empathy | Paul Bloom - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
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I'm against empathy.
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I'm not against empathy for everything.
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I think empathy is a lot of fun when you're watching a movie, empathy for a fictional character.
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I think empathy is an important part of all sorts of exciting activities, but I'm against empathy as a moral guide.
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I think we could do better.
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The sense of empathy I'm most interested in is when you, in a sense, put yourself in another person's shoes and feel what they feel.
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Psychologists call this emotional empathy.
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A lot of people think this is core to being a good person.
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A few years ago I wrote a book called Against Empathy, The Case for Rational Compassion.
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And I argued this form of empathy, though it might seem wonderful, is actually a very poor moral guide.
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Who do you feel empathy for?
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Who do you most naturally put yourself in the shoes of?
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Well, we know the answer this from study after study after study
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we naturally feel empathy for people who look like us who speak our language who we feel are safe
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and because of that empathy is of all of the human feelings perhaps the most bias and parochial
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when you put a book out the title against empathy you gotta expect a certain amount of blowback
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and a lot of people responded to me with their own experiences in our own arguments.
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Sometimes people agreed with me, sometimes they argued against me.
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So one argument against the purpose of my book is although empathy could have negative effects, could be bias, could provoke us into violence,
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could cause all sorts of trouble, it also could have good effects and I can see this in my book.
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And so some people have said look if you add it all up the positive benefits of empathy outweigh the negative.
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I'm not always convinced about that sort of math but even
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if it were true we have moral capacities that are better than empathy
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another objection is that empathy whatever you think of its role
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when it comes to war and charity and broad moral decisions is a necessary part of an intimate relationship
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one philosopher in a critique of me said my wife comes in and she's mad at somebody at work
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It's all well and good for me to say, I love you very much, and I understand where you're coming from.
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But isn't what she wants me to share her anger, get angry with her?
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And my response to that is, it's kind of right.
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I don't deny that.
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There are cases where what we look for in a relationship with others is that sort of shared feeling.
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You're mad.
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You want me to be mad too.
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My critical response is, there's all sorts of cases where that's not what we want.
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My favorite example here is anxiety.
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I go to my partner and I'm very anxious.
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I'm stressed out.
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Do I want her to start sharing my feeling of anxiety?
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To look at me and say, oh my God, it's horrible.
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Yeah, it's horrible.
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No. I want her to be calm.
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I want her to say, I love you.
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Calm down.
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Let me tell you how to think it differently.
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Sometimes what we want from people isn't a mirror of us.
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It's rather another intelligent, caring, loving person responding to us as a distinct being
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and working to make our life better
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and I think sometimes empathy is exactly what we do not want now
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if I'm gonna say this I have to come up with something
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that will replace empathy I'm not saying we should give up on morality
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so my book is called against empathy
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but the subtitle of my book is the case for rational compassion
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and therein lies the substitute I think and the substitute has two parts one is rationality if I'm going to help somebody,
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I have to know what's the best way to help them.
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Sometimes what might seem to be the best way to help them simply makes things worse.
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Sometimes figuring out what to do to make the world a better place is an extraordinarily difficult task, too big for one brain,
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and we do our best when as communities we work together to think about that.
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So that's rationality.
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Rationality itself is great at pursuing ends, but it doesn't provide ends.
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It doesn't provide goals.
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What you need is compassion.
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You need to care.
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So what I argue in the book is that our best decisions, our fairest, our most equitable ones,
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are done through a combination of a rational judgment of how does one make the world a better place,
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plus compassion, love, caring, but not the sort of love and caring that requires you put yourself in another person's shoes.
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Even if empathy is unbalanced, has a positive effect, compassion does better.
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If we could reconfigure our moral attitudes to be less biased, less parochial, more with our head and less with our heart, we would do better.
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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント
このスピーキングレッスンは、動画「Why I’m against empathy」を教材にしています。 繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：empathy, compassion, moral, rationality, biased。 この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が39文、単語が847語あります。 音声の長さは4:38です。 話す速さは速く、1分あたり約183語です。音のつながりや弱く発音される音が多くなります。 単語の82%は英語の頻出3,000語に含まれます。残りは練習の前に確認しておきましょう。
この動画の重要語彙
動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| empathy 名詞 | /ˈɛmpəθi/ | 共感 |
| moral 形容詞 | /ˈmoɹəl/ | 倫理的な |
| compassion 名詞 | /kəmˈpæʃ.ən/ | 同情 |
| argue 動詞 | /ˈɑɹ.ɡju/ | 議論する, 論ずる |
| shoe 名詞 | /ˈʃu/ | 靴, シューズ |
| bias 名詞 | /ˈbaɪ.əs/ | 偏り, 傾斜 |
| rational 形容詞 | /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/ | 合理的 |
| naturally 副詞 | /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/ | 勿論 |
| anxiety 名詞 | /æŋˈzaɪ.əti/ | 心配, 不安 |
| horrible 形容詞 | /ˈhɔɹ.ɪ.bəl/ | 恐ろしい |
| substitute 名詞 | /ˈsʌb.stɪ.tʃuːt/ | 代替 |
| mirror 名詞 | /ˈmiɹɚ/ | 鏡, 姿見 |
| charity 名詞 | /ˈtʃæɹɪti/ | 慈善 |
| anger 名詞 | /ˈæŋɡə/ | 怒り, 忿怒 |
| deny 動詞 | /dəˈnaɪ/ | 否む, 打ち消す |
動画に出てくる句動詞
| 単語 | 意味 |
|---|---|
| calm down 動詞 | 落ち着く |
繰り返し練習したい文
動画に出てくる短く完結した文です。日常会話でそのまま使えます。
- Who do you feel empathy for?
- Who do you most naturally put yourself in the shoes of?
- You're mad, you want me to be mad too.
- Do I want her to start sharing my feeling of anxiety?
注意したい発音
話し手はI'm, you're, doesn'tなど、短縮形や弱形を20回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。
- 「th」の音: empathy /ˈɛmpəθi/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, therein /ˈðɛəɹˈɪn/
- 「sh」と「zh」の音: compassion /kəmˈpæʃ.ən/, shoe /ˈʃu/, rational /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/, anxious /ˈæŋkʃəs/, fictional /ˈfɪkʃənəl/
- 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, anxiety /æŋˈzaɪ.əti/, intelligent /ɪnˈtɛlɪd͡ʒənt/, differently /ˈdɪf.ə.ɹənt.li/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/
日本語話者が苦手な音：
- /r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: moral /ˈmoɹəl/, rational /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/, naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, horrible /ˈhɔɹ.ɪ.bəl/, differently /ˈdɪf.ə.ɹənt.li/
- /v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: convince /kənˈvɪns/, provoke /pɹəˈvəʊk/
- /f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: differently /ˈdɪf.ə.ɹənt.li/, fictional /ˈfɪkʃənəl/, philosopher /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/
この動画での練習方法
- まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
- まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
- 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。empathy, moral, compassionなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。