تدريب Shadowing: Why I’m against empathy | Paul Bloom - تعلم التحدث بالإنجليزية عبر الفيديو
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67 جمل
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I'm against empathy.
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I'm not against empathy for everything.
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I think empathy is a lot of fun when you're watching a movie, empathy for a fictional character.
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I think empathy is an important part of all sorts of exciting activities, but I'm against empathy as a moral guide.
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I think we could do better.
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The sense of empathy I'm most interested in is when you, in a sense, put yourself in another person's shoes and feel what they feel.
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Psychologists call this emotional empathy.
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A lot of people think this is core to being a good person.
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A few years ago I wrote a book called Against Empathy, The Case for Rational Compassion.
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And I argued this form of empathy, though it might seem wonderful, is actually a very poor moral guide.
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Who do you feel empathy for?
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Who do you most naturally put yourself in the shoes of?
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Well, we know the answer this from study after study after study
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we naturally feel empathy for people who look like us who speak our language who we feel are safe
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and because of that empathy is of all of the human feelings perhaps the most bias and parochial
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when you put a book out the title against empathy you gotta expect a certain amount of blowback
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and a lot of people responded to me with their own experiences in our own arguments.
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Sometimes people agreed with me, sometimes they argued against me.
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So one argument against the purpose of my book is although empathy could have negative effects, could be bias, could provoke us into violence,
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could cause all sorts of trouble, it also could have good effects and I can see this in my book.
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And so some people have said look if you add it all up the positive benefits of empathy outweigh the negative.
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I'm not always convinced about that sort of math but even
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if it were true we have moral capacities that are better than empathy
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another objection is that empathy whatever you think of its role
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when it comes to war and charity and broad moral decisions is a necessary part of an intimate relationship
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one philosopher in a critique of me said my wife comes in and she's mad at somebody at work
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It's all well and good for me to say, I love you very much, and I understand where you're coming from.
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But isn't what she wants me to share her anger, get angry with her?
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And my response to that is, it's kind of right.
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I don't deny that.
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There are cases where what we look for in a relationship with others is that sort of shared feeling.
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You're mad.
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You want me to be mad too.
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My critical response is, there's all sorts of cases where that's not what we want.
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My favorite example here is anxiety.
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I go to my partner and I'm very anxious.
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I'm stressed out.
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Do I want her to start sharing my feeling of anxiety?
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To look at me and say, oh my God, it's horrible.
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Yeah, it's horrible.
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No. I want her to be calm.
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I want her to say, I love you.
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Calm down.
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Let me tell you how to think it differently.
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Sometimes what we want from people isn't a mirror of us.
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It's rather another intelligent, caring, loving person responding to us as a distinct being
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and working to make our life better
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and I think sometimes empathy is exactly what we do not want now
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if I'm gonna say this I have to come up with something
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that will replace empathy I'm not saying we should give up on morality
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so my book is called against empathy
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but the subtitle of my book is the case for rational compassion
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and therein lies the substitute I think and the substitute has two parts one is rationality if I'm going to help somebody,
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I have to know what's the best way to help them.
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Sometimes what might seem to be the best way to help them simply makes things worse.
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Sometimes figuring out what to do to make the world a better place is an extraordinarily difficult task, too big for one brain,
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and we do our best when as communities we work together to think about that.
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So that's rationality.
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Rationality itself is great at pursuing ends, but it doesn't provide ends.
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It doesn't provide goals.
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What you need is compassion.
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You need to care.
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So what I argue in the book is that our best decisions, our fairest, our most equitable ones,
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are done through a combination of a rational judgment of how does one make the world a better place,
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plus compassion, love, caring, but not the sort of love and caring that requires you put yourself in another person's shoes.
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Even if empathy is unbalanced, has a positive effect, compassion does better.
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If we could reconfigure our moral attitudes to be less biased, less parochial, more with our head and less with our heart, we would do better.
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المفردات وملاحظات التحدث لهذا الدرس
هذا الدرس في المحادثة مبني على الفيديو “Why I’m against empathy”. أكثر الكلمات تكرارًا في الفيديو: empathy, compassion, moral, rationality, biased. يحتوي هذا الفيديو على 39 جملة و847 كلمة للتدرب على الترديد. مدة الكلام 4:38. يتكلم المتحدث بسرعة، نحو 183 كلمة في الدقيقة، لذا ستسمع كثيرًا من وصل الكلمات واختزال الأصوات. 82% من الكلمات ضمن أكثر 3,000 كلمة شيوعًا في الإنجليزية، ويُستحسن مراجعة الباقي قبل البدء.
أهم المفردات في هذا الفيديو
15 كلمة من الفيديو تستحق التعلّم، مع النطق والمعنى:
| الكلمة | النطق | المعنى |
|---|---|---|
| empathy اسم | /ˈɛmpəθi/ | تَعَاطُف |
| moral صفة | /ˈmoɹəl/ | أَخْلَاقِيّ |
| compassion اسم | /kəmˈpæʃ.ən/ | رَحْمَة, شَفَقَة |
| argue فعل | /ˈɑɹ.ɡju/ | جَادَلَ, حَاجَّ |
| shoe اسم | /ˈʃu/ | حِذَاء, نَعْل |
| bias اسم | /ˈbaɪ.əs/ | تَحَيُّز |
| rational صفة | /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/ | عَقْلَانِيّ |
| anxiety اسم | /æŋˈzaɪ.əti/ | قَلَق |
| horrible صفة | /ˈhɔɹ.ɪ.bəl/ | رَهِيب, فَظِيع |
| mirror اسم | /ˈmiɹɚ/ | مِرْآة, مراية |
| charity اسم | /ˈtʃæɹɪti/ | مُنَظَّمَة خَيْرِيَّة |
| anger اسم | /ˈæŋɡə/ | غَضَب |
| deny فعل | /dəˈnaɪ/ | نَفَى |
| intelligent صفة | /ɪnˈtɛlɪd͡ʒənt/ | ذَكِيّ |
| convince فعل | /kənˈvɪns/ | أَقْنَعَ |
الأفعال المركبة التي ستسمعها
| الكلمة | المعنى |
|---|---|
| calm down فعل | أَهْدَأَ, هَدَّأَ |
| come up with فعل | جَاءَ بِـ, أَتَى بِـ |
جمل تستحق التكرار
جمل قصيرة وكاملة من الفيديو يمكنك استخدامها في الحديث اليومي:
- Who do you feel empathy for?
- Who do you most naturally put yourself in the shoes of?
- You're mad, you want me to be mad too.
- Do I want her to start sharing my feeling of anxiety?
نطق يحتاج إلى انتباه
يستخدم المتحدث 20 من الصيغ المختصرة، مثل I'm, you're, doesn't. انطقها بصيغتها القصيرة كما تسمعها.
- أصوات “th”: empathy /ˈɛmpəθi/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, therein /ˈðɛəɹˈɪn/
- أصوات “sh” و“zh”: compassion /kəmˈpæʃ.ən/, shoe /ˈʃu/, rational /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/, anxious /ˈæŋkʃəs/, fictional /ˈfɪkʃənəl/
- الكلمات الطويلة — انتبه لموضع النبر: naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, anxiety /æŋˈzaɪ.əti/, intelligent /ɪnˈtɛlɪd͡ʒənt/, differently /ˈdɪf.ə.ɹənt.li/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/
أصوات يجدها متحدثو العربية صعبة:
- /p/ — ليس /b/: انطقه مع نفخة هواء: empathy /ˈɛmpəθi/, compassion /kəmˈpæʃ.ən/, pursue /pɚˈsu/, provoke /pɹəˈvəʊk/
- /v/ — ليس /f/: مع اهتزاز الأوتار الصوتية: convince /kənˈvɪns/, provoke /pɹəˈvəʊk/
- تتابع الصوامت — لا تضف حركة بينها: argue /ˈɑɹ.ɡju/, substitute /ˈsʌb.stɪ.tʃuːt/, distinct /dɪˈstɪŋkt/, intelligent /ɪnˈtɛlɪd͡ʒənt/, judgment /ˈd͡ʒʌd͡ʒ.mənt/
كيف تتدرب بهذا الفيديو
- استمع إلى الفيديو كاملًا مرة واحدة دون أن تتكلم، ودوّن الكلمات التي لا تعرفها.
- ابدأ بسرعة 0.75×، وردّد جملة جملة، ثم عُد إلى السرعة العادية عندما يصبح الأمر سهلًا.
- سجّل صوتك وقارنه بالأصل، مع الانتباه إلى كلمات مثل empathy, moral, compassion.
ما هي تقنية التظليل الصوتي؟
التظليل الصوتي (Shadowing) تقنية تعلم لغة مدعومة علمياً، طُورت أصلاً لتدريب المترجمين الفوريين المحترفين. الطريقة بسيطة لكنها قوية: تستمع لصوت إنجليزي أصلي وتكرره فوراً بصوت عالٍ — كظل يتبع المتحدث بتأخير 1-2 ثانية. تُظهر الأبحاث تحسناً كبيراً في دقة النطق والتنغيم والإيقاع وربط الأصوات والاستماع والطلاقة.