تدريب Shadowing: The famous tree-falling thought experiment has a new answer | Lisa Feldman Barrett - تعلم التحدث بالإنجليزية عبر الفيديو
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1
Since humans have been able to talk to each other, they've been debating the nature of reality.
منذ أن أصبح البشر قادرين على التحدث مع بعضهم البعض، وهم يتناقشون حول طبيعة الواقع.
2
So traditionally, people believe that there is an objective reality out there,
لذلك، يعتقد الناس تقليديًا أن هناك واقعًا موضوعيًا موجودًا في الخارج،
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separate from us, and that we perceive reality with more or less accuracy.
منفصلاً عنا، وأننا ندرك الواقع بدقة تتراوح بين الارتفاع والانخفاض.
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So if I'm in the therapist's office, and I'm telling the therapist, well, I am really, really mad.
لذا إذا كنت في عيادة المعالج، وكنت أخبر المعالج، حسناً، أنا غاضب جداً جداً.
5
And the therapist looks at me and says, no, actually, you're really sad.
ثم ينظر إليّ المعالج ويقول، لا، في الحقيقة أنت حزينٌ حقًا.
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Who's right?
من هو على حق؟
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Well, there are some people who would say one of us is right or we're both wrong because there's some objective reality.
حسنًا، هناك بعض الناس الذين سيقولون إن أحدنا على حق أو أننا كلاهما على خطأ لأن هناك واقعًا موضوعيًا ما.
8
But reality is not purely objective and it's not purely subjective.
لكن الواقع ليس موضوعيًا بحتًا، ولا هو ذاتي بحتًا.
9
It is relational.
إنها علائقية.
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There is one reality that is perspective dependent.
هناك حقيقة واحدة تعتمد على المنظور.
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I experience anger.
أشعر بالغضب.
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My therapist is experiencing me as sad, and together that's the reality of the situation.
معالجي النفسي يراني حزينًا، وهذه هي حقيقة الوضع معًا.
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My name is Lisa Feldman Barrett.
اسمي ليزا فيلدمان باريت.
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I am a university distinguished professor of psychology at Northeastern University in Boston, and I'm here to talk to you today about the nature of reality.
أنا أستاذ جامعي متميز في علم النفس بجامعة نورث إيسترن في بوسطن، وأنا هنا اليوم لأتحدث معكم عن طبيعة الواقع.
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You know, a small topic.
أتعلم، موضوع صغير.
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The nature of reality.
طبيعة الواقع.
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Is reality objective, out there, separate from you, or is reality all in your head?
هل الواقع موضوعي، موجود خارجك ومنفصل عنك، أم أن الواقع كله موجود في عقلك؟
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Philosophers have been debating this question for millennia,
لقد ظل الفلاسفة يتناقشون حول هذا السؤال لآلاف السنين،
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and I think they're probably asking the wrong question. In reality,
وأعتقد أنهم ربما يطرحون السؤال الخطأ. في الواقع،
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everything you do and every experience that you ever have is a combination of the remembered past and the sensory present.
كل ما تفعله وكل تجربة تمر بها هي مزيج من الماضي الذي تتذكره والحاضر الحسي.
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That is the signals that are hitting your retina in each eye, the cochlea in each ear, the receptors in your skin.
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The idea is that reality is made up of stable patterns of signals.
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Our best available evidence for how the brain is using past experience to anticipate sensory signals from the world,
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it suggests that reality may not be out there in the world,
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separate from you, and it's definitely not only in your head.
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It's actually a combination of the two, which means that reality exists, but it exists in relation to you.
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Perception box is another way of talking about the remembered past.
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It's a concept that captures the idea
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that there is a relationship between what is inside your head and what is outside in the world.
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What relational realism implies for perception box is that your box is the ingredients,
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the signals that you bring to creating the relational present.
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So there's an old parable that people often appeal to when they're talking about the nature of reality, and it goes something like this.
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If a tree falls in the forest and nobody is there to hear it, does it make a sound?
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A falling tree will cause vibrations in the air.
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So a relational realist would say there needs to be a set of receptors that detect those vibrations.
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And in order for it to be a sound of a tree falling, an organism has to know that that's what those sounds mean.
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So a relational realist would say
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if there's no organism there to detect the signals then no the tree does not make a sound.
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There are other signals that are required to translate those vibrations into a sound.
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Animals have sensory surfaces that we don't have.
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Reality as it pertains to them, in relation to them, is different than it is for us.
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So an example would be,
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there's a lot of vibration -based noise in the ocean that we don't detect and is not really relevant to us.
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But it turns out that those signals are detected by whales.
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And those signals are because of the whale's sensory surfaces and the whale's brain.
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are part of reality from their perspective.
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And we interfere with their ability to communicate with each other by our ignorance of their perspective.
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And it's not that hard to go from that kind of an idea to our interactions with each other.
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Often in an argument, you want to appeal to the authority of objective reality to say that you're right.
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And if reality is relational, you can't do that.
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In order to resolve the conflict,
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it means you have to admit the idea that somebody else's experience has equivalent authority to your own.
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The idea that somebody else's experience is part of reality as much as yours doesn't invalidate your experience.
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It means that your experience is a part of reality, but it's not the only part.
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There are parts of reality that we share, and there are parts of reality that each of us has access to that the other doesn't.
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And if you spend time around people who are just like you,
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who have the same reactions as you or the same experiences as you,
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you'll be reinforcing the remembered past that's easy for you to conjure.
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But if you are curious, if you're foraging for new sets of signals,
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new meanings, you are very likely to expand the aspects of reality that you have access to.
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The goal there is to be curious and be humble.
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As a person, I think it's incumbent upon us,
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we really ought to experience as many aspects of reality as we can.
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Otherwise, we're ignorant and ignorance is not helpful.
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It has nothing to do with objectivity.
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It has everything to do with being able to experience as much of reality as possible.
تنزيل التطبيق
كل ما تحتاجه للتحدث بطلاقة
تقييم النطق بالذكاء الاصطناعيتقييم كل جملة
تدريب IPAأتقن كل صوت
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المفردات وملاحظات التحدث لهذا الدرس
هذا الدرس في المحادثة مبني على الفيديو “The famous tree-falling thought experiment has a new answer”. أكثر الكلمات تكرارًا في الفيديو: reality, experience, signals, relational, objective. يحتوي هذا الفيديو على 66 جملة و881 كلمة للتدرب على الترديد. مدة الكلام 7:17. يتكلم المتحدث بسرعة ثابتة، نحو 121 كلمة في الدقيقة، وهي سرعة مريحة للترديد. 84% من الكلمات ضمن أكثر 3,000 كلمة شيوعًا في الإنجليزية، ويُستحسن مراجعة الباقي قبل البدء.
أهم المفردات في هذا الفيديو
15 كلمة من الفيديو تستحق التعلّم، مع النطق والمعنى:
| الكلمة | النطق | المعنى |
|---|---|---|
| objective اسم | /ɒbˈd͡ʒɛk.tɪv/ | هَدَف, مَقْصَد |
| detect فعل | /dɪˈtɛkt/ | كَشَفَ |
| sensory صفة | /ˈsɛn.sə.ɹi/ | حِسِّيّ, حِسِّيَّة |
| vibration اسم | /vaɪˈbɹeɪʃən/ | اِهْتِزَاز |
| curious صفة | /ˈkjʊɹ.i.əs/ | فُضُولِيّ |
| relation اسم | /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/ | عَلَاقَة |
| perception اسم | /pɚˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/ | اِدْرََاك حَسِّيّ |
| ignorance اسم | /ˈɪɡ.nɚ.əns/ | جَهْل, جَهَالَة |
| receptor اسم | /ɹɪˈsɛp.tə/ | مُسْتَقْبِل |
| organism اسم | /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/ | كَائِن حَيّ |
| topic اسم | /ˈtɑpɪk/ | مَوْضُوع, مَوَاضِيع |
| stable اسم | /ˈsteɪ.bəl/ | حَظِيرَة, اِسْطَبْل |
| helpful صفة | /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/ | نَافِع, مُفِيد |
| anger اسم | /ˈæŋɡə/ | غَضَب |
| capture فعل | /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/ | أَسَرَ |
القواعد في هذا الفيديو
أكثر التراكيب التي يستخدمها المتحدث، مع العبارات نفسها من الفيديو:
| التركيب | في الفيديو |
|---|---|
| المضارع التام المستمر have/has been + -ing — حدث بدأ سابقًا وما زال مستمرًا | they've been debating · have been debating |
| المبني للمجهول be + اسم المفعول — التركيز على ما يحدث لا على من يفعله | is made · are required · are detected |
| جمل الوصل who / which + جملة — معلومة إضافية عن شخص أو شيء | people who would · two, which means · people who are |
نطق يحتاج إلى انتباه
يستخدم المتحدث 17 من الصيغ المختصرة، مثل I'm, you're, doesn't. انطقها بصيغتها القصيرة كما تسمعها.
- أصوات “sh” و“zh”: vibration /vaɪˈbɹeɪʃən/, relation /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/, perception /pɚˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/
- الكلمات الطويلة — انتبه لموضع النبر: organism /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/, psychology /saɪˈkɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, accuracy /ˈæk.jɚ.ə.si/, communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/
أصوات يجدها متحدثو العربية صعبة:
- /p/ — ليس /b/: انطقه مع نفخة هواء: therapist /ˈθɛɹəpɪst/, aspect /ˈæspɛkt/, perception /pɚˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/, purely /ˈpjʊɹli/, receptor /ɹɪˈsɛp.tə/
- /v/ — ليس /f/: مع اهتزاز الأوتار الصوتية: objective /ɒbˈd͡ʒɛk.tɪv/, vibration /vaɪˈbɹeɪʃən/, resolve /ɹɪˈzɑlv/, subjective /səbˈd͡ʒɛktɪv/, perceive /pɚˈsiv/
- تتابع الصوامت — لا تضف حركة بينها: detect /dɪˈtɛkt/, therapist /ˈθɛɹəpɪst/, curious /ˈkjʊɹ.i.əs/, aspect /ˈæspɛkt/, purely /ˈpjʊɹli/
كيف تتدرب بهذا الفيديو
- استمع إلى الفيديو كاملًا مرة واحدة دون أن تتكلم، ودوّن الكلمات التي لا تعرفها.
- ردّد جملة جملة بالسرعة العادية، وكرّر كل جملة حتى يتطابق إيقاعك مع المتحدث.
- سجّل صوتك وقارنه بالأصل، مع الانتباه إلى كلمات مثل objective, detect, sensory.
ما هي تقنية التظليل الصوتي؟
التظليل الصوتي (Shadowing) تقنية تعلم لغة مدعومة علمياً، طُورت أصلاً لتدريب المترجمين الفوريين المحترفين. الطريقة بسيطة لكنها قوية: تستمع لصوت إنجليزي أصلي وتكرره فوراً بصوت عالٍ — كظل يتبع المتحدث بتأخير 1-2 ثانية. تُظهر الأبحاث تحسناً كبيراً في دقة النطق والتنغيم والإيقاع وربط الأصوات والاستماع والطلاقة.