Pratique du Shadowing: The famous tree-falling thought experiment has a new answer | Lisa Feldman Barrett - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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Since humans have been able to talk to each other, they've been debating the nature of reality.
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So traditionally, people believe that there is an objective reality out there,
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separate from us, and that we perceive reality with more or less accuracy.
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So if I'm in the therapist's office, and I'm telling the therapist, well, I am really, really mad.
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And the therapist looks at me and says, no, actually, you're really sad.
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Who's right?
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Well, there are some people who would say one of us is right or we're both wrong because there's some objective reality.
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But reality is not purely objective and it's not purely subjective.
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It is relational.
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There is one reality that is perspective dependent.
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I experience anger.
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My therapist is experiencing me as sad, and together that's the reality of the situation.
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My name is Lisa Feldman Barrett.
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I am a university distinguished professor of psychology at Northeastern University in Boston, and I'm here to talk to you today about the nature of reality.
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You know, a small topic.
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The nature of reality.
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Is reality objective, out there, separate from you, or is reality all in your head?
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Philosophers have been debating this question for millennia,
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and I think they're probably asking the wrong question. In reality,
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everything you do and every experience that you ever have is a combination of the remembered past and the sensory present.
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That is the signals that are hitting your retina in each eye, the cochlea in each ear, the receptors in your skin.
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The idea is that reality is made up of stable patterns of signals.
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Our best available evidence for how the brain is using past experience to anticipate sensory signals from the world,
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it suggests that reality may not be out there in the world,
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separate from you, and it's definitely not only in your head.
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It's actually a combination of the two, which means that reality exists, but it exists in relation to you.
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Perception box is another way of talking about the remembered past.
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It's a concept that captures the idea
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that there is a relationship between what is inside your head and what is outside in the world.
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What relational realism implies for perception box is that your box is the ingredients,
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the signals that you bring to creating the relational present.
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So there's an old parable that people often appeal to when they're talking about the nature of reality, and it goes something like this.
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If a tree falls in the forest and nobody is there to hear it, does it make a sound?
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A falling tree will cause vibrations in the air.
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So a relational realist would say there needs to be a set of receptors that detect those vibrations.
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And in order for it to be a sound of a tree falling, an organism has to know that that's what those sounds mean.
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So a relational realist would say
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if there's no organism there to detect the signals then no the tree does not make a sound.
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There are other signals that are required to translate those vibrations into a sound.
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Animals have sensory surfaces that we don't have.
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Reality as it pertains to them, in relation to them, is different than it is for us.
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So an example would be,
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there's a lot of vibration -based noise in the ocean that we don't detect and is not really relevant to us.
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But it turns out that those signals are detected by whales.
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And those signals are because of the whale's sensory surfaces and the whale's brain.
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are part of reality from their perspective.
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And we interfere with their ability to communicate with each other by our ignorance of their perspective.
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And it's not that hard to go from that kind of an idea to our interactions with each other.
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Often in an argument, you want to appeal to the authority of objective reality to say that you're right.
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And if reality is relational, you can't do that.
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In order to resolve the conflict,
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it means you have to admit the idea that somebody else's experience has equivalent authority to your own.
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The idea that somebody else's experience is part of reality as much as yours doesn't invalidate your experience.
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It means that your experience is a part of reality, but it's not the only part.
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There are parts of reality that we share, and there are parts of reality that each of us has access to that the other doesn't.
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And if you spend time around people who are just like you,
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who have the same reactions as you or the same experiences as you,
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you'll be reinforcing the remembered past that's easy for you to conjure.
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But if you are curious, if you're foraging for new sets of signals,
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new meanings, you are very likely to expand the aspects of reality that you have access to.
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The goal there is to be curious and be humble.
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As a person, I think it's incumbent upon us,
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we really ought to experience as many aspects of reality as we can.
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Otherwise, we're ignorant and ignorance is not helpful.
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It has nothing to do with objectivity.
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It has everything to do with being able to experience as much of reality as possible.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale s’appuie sur la vidéo « The famous tree-falling thought experiment has a new answer ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : reality, experience, signals, relational, objective. Cette vidéo contient 66 phrases et 881 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 7:17. Le locuteur parle à un rythme régulier d’environ 121 mots par minute, confortable pour le shadowing. 84 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais ; le reste mérite d’être vu avant de commencer.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
15 mots de la vidéo à retenir, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| objective nom | /ɒbˈd͡ʒɛk.tɪv/ | objectif, but |
| detect verbe | /dɪˈtɛkt/ | déceler, détecter |
| sensory adjectif | /ˈsɛn.sə.ɹi/ | sensoriel |
| vibration nom | /vaɪˈbɹeɪʃən/ | vibration |
| therapist nom | /ˈθɛɹəpɪst/ | thérapeute |
| curious adjectif | /ˈkjʊɹ.i.əs/ | curieux |
| aspect nom | /ˈæspɛkt/ | aspect |
| relation nom | /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/ | relation |
| perception nom | /pɚˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/ | perception |
| ignorance nom | /ˈɪɡ.nɚ.əns/ | ignorance |
| receptor nom | /ɹɪˈsɛp.tə/ | récepteur |
| organism nom | /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/ | organisme |
| topic nom | /ˈtɑpɪk/ | sujet, thème |
| stable nom | /ˈsteɪ.bəl/ | étable, écurie |
| helpful adjectif | /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/ | utile, serviable |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Sens |
|---|---|
| turn out verbe | se finir, se terminer |
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Present perfect continu have/has been + -ing — une action commencée avant et toujours en cours | they've been debating · have been debating |
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | is made · are required · are detected |
| Propositions relatives who / which + proposition — une précision sur une personne ou une chose | people who would · two, which means · people who are |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 17 contractions et formes réduites, comme I'm, you're, doesn't. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: vibration /vaɪˈbɹeɪʃən/, relation /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/, perception /pɚˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: organism /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/, psychology /saɪˈkɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, accuracy /ˈæk.jɚ.ə.si/, communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /h/ — il se souffle, il n’est pas muet: helpful /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/, humble /ˈhʌmbəl/
- /tʃ/ et /dʒ/ — à ne pas adoucir en « ch » et « j »: objective /ɒbˈd͡ʒɛk.tɪv/, psychology /saɪˈkɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, subjective /səbˈd͡ʒɛktɪv/, conjure /ˈkɑn.d͡ʒɚ/, forage /ˈfoɹɪd͡ʒ/
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: sensory /ˈsɛn.sə.ɹi/, vibration /vaɪˈbɹeɪʃən/, therapist /ˈθɛɹəpɪst/, curious /ˈkjʊɹ.i.əs/, relation /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Répétez phrase par phrase à vitesse normale, en reprenant chacune jusqu’à ce que votre rythme corresponde à celui du locuteur.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme objective, detect, sensory.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.