शैडोइंग अभ्यास: The famous tree-falling thought experiment has a new answer | Lisa Feldman Barrett - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें
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66 वाक्य
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Since humans have been able to talk to each other, they've been debating the nature of reality.
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So traditionally, people believe that there is an objective reality out there,
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separate from us, and that we perceive reality with more or less accuracy.
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So if I'm in the therapist's office, and I'm telling the therapist, well, I am really, really mad.
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And the therapist looks at me and says, no, actually, you're really sad.
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Who's right?
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Well, there are some people who would say one of us is right or we're both wrong because there's some objective reality.
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But reality is not purely objective and it's not purely subjective.
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It is relational.
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There is one reality that is perspective dependent.
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I experience anger.
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My therapist is experiencing me as sad, and together that's the reality of the situation.
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My name is Lisa Feldman Barrett.
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I am a university distinguished professor of psychology at Northeastern University in Boston, and I'm here to talk to you today about the nature of reality.
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You know, a small topic.
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The nature of reality.
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Is reality objective, out there, separate from you, or is reality all in your head?
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Philosophers have been debating this question for millennia,
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and I think they're probably asking the wrong question. In reality,
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everything you do and every experience that you ever have is a combination of the remembered past and the sensory present.
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That is the signals that are hitting your retina in each eye, the cochlea in each ear, the receptors in your skin.
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The idea is that reality is made up of stable patterns of signals.
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Our best available evidence for how the brain is using past experience to anticipate sensory signals from the world,
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it suggests that reality may not be out there in the world,
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separate from you, and it's definitely not only in your head.
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It's actually a combination of the two, which means that reality exists, but it exists in relation to you.
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Perception box is another way of talking about the remembered past.
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It's a concept that captures the idea
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that there is a relationship between what is inside your head and what is outside in the world.
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What relational realism implies for perception box is that your box is the ingredients,
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the signals that you bring to creating the relational present.
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So there's an old parable that people often appeal to when they're talking about the nature of reality, and it goes something like this.
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If a tree falls in the forest and nobody is there to hear it, does it make a sound?
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A falling tree will cause vibrations in the air.
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So a relational realist would say there needs to be a set of receptors that detect those vibrations.
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And in order for it to be a sound of a tree falling, an organism has to know that that's what those sounds mean.
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So a relational realist would say
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if there's no organism there to detect the signals then no the tree does not make a sound.
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There are other signals that are required to translate those vibrations into a sound.
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Animals have sensory surfaces that we don't have.
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Reality as it pertains to them, in relation to them, is different than it is for us.
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So an example would be,
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there's a lot of vibration -based noise in the ocean that we don't detect and is not really relevant to us.
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But it turns out that those signals are detected by whales.
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And those signals are because of the whale's sensory surfaces and the whale's brain.
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are part of reality from their perspective.
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And we interfere with their ability to communicate with each other by our ignorance of their perspective.
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And it's not that hard to go from that kind of an idea to our interactions with each other.
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Often in an argument, you want to appeal to the authority of objective reality to say that you're right.
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And if reality is relational, you can't do that.
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In order to resolve the conflict,
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it means you have to admit the idea that somebody else's experience has equivalent authority to your own.
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The idea that somebody else's experience is part of reality as much as yours doesn't invalidate your experience.
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It means that your experience is a part of reality, but it's not the only part.
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There are parts of reality that we share, and there are parts of reality that each of us has access to that the other doesn't.
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And if you spend time around people who are just like you,
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who have the same reactions as you or the same experiences as you,
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you'll be reinforcing the remembered past that's easy for you to conjure.
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But if you are curious, if you're foraging for new sets of signals,
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new meanings, you are very likely to expand the aspects of reality that you have access to.
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The goal there is to be curious and be humble.
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As a person, I think it's incumbent upon us,
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we really ought to experience as many aspects of reality as we can.
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Otherwise, we're ignorant and ignorance is not helpful.
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It has nothing to do with objectivity.
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It has everything to do with being able to experience as much of reality as possible.
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इस पाठ की शब्दावली और बोलने के सुझाव
यह स्पीकिंग पाठ वीडियो “The famous tree-falling thought experiment has a new answer” पर आधारित है। सबसे ज़्यादा दोहराए गए शब्द ये हैं: reality, experience, signals, relational, objective। इस वीडियो में शैडोइंग के लिए 66 वाक्य और 881 शब्द हैं। बोला गया हिस्सा 7:17 लंबा है। वक्ता लगभग 121 शब्द प्रति मिनट की स्थिर गति से बोलता है, जो शैडोइंग के लिए आरामदायक है। 84% शब्द अंग्रेज़ी के 3,000 सबसे आम शब्दों में से हैं; बाकी शब्द अभ्यास से पहले देख लेना अच्छा रहेगा।
इस वीडियो की मुख्य शब्दावली
वीडियो के 15 सीखने लायक शब्द, उच्चारण और अर्थ के साथ:
| शब्द | उच्चारण | अर्थ |
|---|---|---|
| objective संज्ञा | /ɒbˈd͡ʒɛk.tɪv/ | उद्देश्य, मक़सद |
| curious विशेषण | /ˈkjʊɹ.i.əs/ | उत्सुक, जिज्ञासु |
| aspect संज्ञा | /ˈæspɛkt/ | पक्ष |
| relation संज्ञा | /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/ | संबंध |
| ignorance संज्ञा | /ˈɪɡ.nɚ.əns/ | अज्ञान, अविद्या |
| receptor संज्ञा | /ɹɪˈsɛp.tə/ | लाभार्थी |
| organism संज्ञा | /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/ | जीव |
| topic संज्ञा | /ˈtɑpɪk/ | प्रसंग, विषय |
| stable संज्ञा | /ˈsteɪ.bəl/ | गोष्ठ, अश्वालय |
| helpful विशेषण | /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/ | मददगार |
| anger संज्ञा | /ˈæŋɡə/ | क्रोध, ग़ुस्सा |
| psychology संज्ञा | /saɪˈkɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/ | मनोविज्ञान, मानसशास्त्र |
| dependent विशेषण | /dɪˈpɛndənt/ | आश्रित, निर्भर |
| resolve क्रिया | /ɹɪˈzɑlv/ | ठानना |
| humble विशेषण | /ˈhʌmbəl/ | विनीत, विनम्र |
इस वीडियो का व्याकरण
वक्ता जिन संरचनाओं का सबसे अधिक प्रयोग करता है, वीडियो के असली शब्दों के साथ:
| संरचना | वीडियो में |
|---|---|
| Present perfect continuous have/has been + -ing — पहले शुरू हुआ काम जो अब भी जारी है | they've been debating · have been debating |
| Passive voice be + past participle — ज़ोर इस पर कि क्या होता है, न कि कौन करता है | is made · are required · are detected |
| Relative clauses who / which + उपवाक्य — व्यक्ति या वस्तु के बारे में अतिरिक्त जानकारी | people who would · two, which means · people who are |
ध्यान देने योग्य उच्चारण
वक्ता 17 बार संक्षिप्त रूपों का प्रयोग करता है, जैसे I'm, you're, doesn't। इन्हें वैसे ही छोटा बोलें जैसा आप सुनते हैं।
- “sh” और “zh” की ध्वनियाँ: vibration /vaɪˈbɹeɪʃən/, relation /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/, perception /pɚˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/
- लंबे शब्द — बलाघात सही रखें: organism /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/, psychology /saɪˈkɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, accuracy /ˈæk.jɚ.ə.si/, communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/
हिंदी भाषियों के लिए मुश्किल ध्वनियाँ:
- /v/ और /w/ का फ़र्क़ — /v/ में ऊपर के दाँत निचले होंठ को छूते हैं, /w/ में होंठ गोल होते हैं: objective /ɒbˈd͡ʒɛk.tɪv/, vibration /vaɪˈbɹeɪʃən/, resolve /ɹɪˈzɑlv/, whale /ˈweɪl/, distinguish /dɪˈstɪŋ.ɡwɪʃ/
- /z/ — इसे “ज” (/dʒ/) न बनाएँ: organism /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/, resolve /ɹɪˈzɑlv/, translate /tɹænzˈleɪt/, realism /ˈɹi.əlɪzəm/
- /æ/ — “ऐ” से ज़्यादा खुला: aspect /ˈæspɛkt/, anger /ˈæŋɡə/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/, expand /ɪkˈspænd/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/
इस वीडियो से अभ्यास कैसे करें
- पहले बिना बोले पूरा वीडियो एक बार सुनें और जो शब्द नहीं आते उन्हें लिख लें।
- सामान्य गति पर एक-एक वाक्य की शैडोइंग करें और हर वाक्य तब तक दोहराएँ जब तक आपकी लय वक्ता से न मिल जाए।
- अपनी आवाज़ रिकॉर्ड करें और मूल से तुलना करें, ख़ासकर objective, curious, aspect जैसे शब्दों पर ध्यान दें।
शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?
शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।