Prática de Shadowing: The famous tree-falling thought experiment has a new answer | Lisa Feldman Barrett - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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Since humans have been able to talk to each other, they've been debating the nature of reality.
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So traditionally, people believe that there is an objective reality out there,
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separate from us, and that we perceive reality with more or less accuracy.
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So if I'm in the therapist's office, and I'm telling the therapist, well, I am really, really mad.
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And the therapist looks at me and says, no, actually, you're really sad.
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Who's right?
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Well, there are some people who would say one of us is right or we're both wrong because there's some objective reality.
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But reality is not purely objective and it's not purely subjective.
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It is relational.
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There is one reality that is perspective dependent.
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I experience anger.
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My therapist is experiencing me as sad, and together that's the reality of the situation.
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My name is Lisa Feldman Barrett.
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I am a university distinguished professor of psychology at Northeastern University in Boston, and I'm here to talk to you today about the nature of reality.
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You know, a small topic.
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The nature of reality.
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Is reality objective, out there, separate from you, or is reality all in your head?
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Philosophers have been debating this question for millennia,
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and I think they're probably asking the wrong question. In reality,
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everything you do and every experience that you ever have is a combination of the remembered past and the sensory present.
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That is the signals that are hitting your retina in each eye, the cochlea in each ear, the receptors in your skin.
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The idea is that reality is made up of stable patterns of signals.
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Our best available evidence for how the brain is using past experience to anticipate sensory signals from the world,
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it suggests that reality may not be out there in the world,
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separate from you, and it's definitely not only in your head.
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It's actually a combination of the two, which means that reality exists, but it exists in relation to you.
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Perception box is another way of talking about the remembered past.
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It's a concept that captures the idea
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that there is a relationship between what is inside your head and what is outside in the world.
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What relational realism implies for perception box is that your box is the ingredients,
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the signals that you bring to creating the relational present.
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So there's an old parable that people often appeal to when they're talking about the nature of reality, and it goes something like this.
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If a tree falls in the forest and nobody is there to hear it, does it make a sound?
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A falling tree will cause vibrations in the air.
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So a relational realist would say there needs to be a set of receptors that detect those vibrations.
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And in order for it to be a sound of a tree falling, an organism has to know that that's what those sounds mean.
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So a relational realist would say
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if there's no organism there to detect the signals then no the tree does not make a sound.
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There are other signals that are required to translate those vibrations into a sound.
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Animals have sensory surfaces that we don't have.
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Reality as it pertains to them, in relation to them, is different than it is for us.
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So an example would be,
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there's a lot of vibration -based noise in the ocean that we don't detect and is not really relevant to us.
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But it turns out that those signals are detected by whales.
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And those signals are because of the whale's sensory surfaces and the whale's brain.
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are part of reality from their perspective.
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And we interfere with their ability to communicate with each other by our ignorance of their perspective.
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And it's not that hard to go from that kind of an idea to our interactions with each other.
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Often in an argument, you want to appeal to the authority of objective reality to say that you're right.
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And if reality is relational, you can't do that.
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In order to resolve the conflict,
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it means you have to admit the idea that somebody else's experience has equivalent authority to your own.
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The idea that somebody else's experience is part of reality as much as yours doesn't invalidate your experience.
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It means that your experience is a part of reality, but it's not the only part.
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There are parts of reality that we share, and there are parts of reality that each of us has access to that the other doesn't.
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And if you spend time around people who are just like you,
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who have the same reactions as you or the same experiences as you,
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you'll be reinforcing the remembered past that's easy for you to conjure.
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But if you are curious, if you're foraging for new sets of signals,
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new meanings, you are very likely to expand the aspects of reality that you have access to.
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The goal there is to be curious and be humble.
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As a person, I think it's incumbent upon us,
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we really ought to experience as many aspects of reality as we can.
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Otherwise, we're ignorant and ignorance is not helpful.
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It has nothing to do with objectivity.
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It has everything to do with being able to experience as much of reality as possible.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação usa o vídeo “The famous tree-falling thought experiment has a new answer”. As palavras que mais se repetem: reality, experience, signals, relational, objective. Este vídeo tem 66 frases e 881 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 7:17. O falante mantém um ritmo estável de cerca de 121 palavras por minuto, confortável para o shadowing. 84% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês; vale a pena estudar o restante antes de começar.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| objective substantivo | /ɒbˈd͡ʒɛk.tɪv/ | objetivo |
| detect verbo | /dɪˈtɛkt/ | detectar, detetar |
| sensory adjetivo | /ˈsɛn.sə.ɹi/ | sensorial |
| vibration substantivo | /vaɪˈbɹeɪʃən/ | vibração |
| therapist substantivo | /ˈθɛɹəpɪst/ | terapeuta |
| curious adjetivo | /ˈkjʊɹ.i.əs/ | curioso |
| aspect substantivo | /ˈæspɛkt/ | aspeto, aspecto |
| relation substantivo | /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/ | relação |
| perception substantivo | /pɚˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/ | percepção, perceção |
| ignorance substantivo | /ˈɪɡ.nɚ.əns/ | ignorância |
| receptor substantivo | /ɹɪˈsɛp.tə/ | receptor |
| organism substantivo | /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/ | organismo |
| topic substantivo | /ˈtɑpɪk/ | tópico, assunto |
| stable substantivo | /ˈsteɪ.bəl/ | estábulo, cavalariça |
| helpful adjetivo | /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/ | prestável, útil |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Significado |
|---|---|
| turn out verbo | terminar |
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Present perfect continuous have/has been + -ing — uma ação que começou antes e continua | they've been debating · have been debating |
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | is made · are required · are detected |
| Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisa | people who would · two, which means · people who are |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 17 contrações e formas reduzidas, como I'm, you're, doesn't. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: vibration /vaɪˈbɹeɪʃən/, relation /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/, perception /pɚˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: organism /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/, psychology /saɪˈkɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, accuracy /ˈæk.jɚ.ə.si/, communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: detect /dɪˈtɛkt/, therapist /ˈθɛɹəpɪst/, aspect /ˈæspɛkt/, topic /ˈtɑpɪk/, expand /ɪkˈspænd/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: stable /ˈsteɪ.bəl/, humble /ˈhʌmbəl/, whale /ˈweɪl/, parable /ˈpæɹ.ə.bəl/
- /h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: helpful /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/, humble /ˈhʌmbəl/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Faça shadowing frase por frase na velocidade normal, repetindo cada uma até o seu ritmo ficar igual ao do falante.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como objective, detect, sensory.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.