跟读练习: The famous tree-falling thought experiment has a new answer | Lisa Feldman Barrett - 通过视频学习英语口语
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Since humans have been able to talk to each other, they've been debating the nature of reality.
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So traditionally, people believe that there is an objective reality out there,
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separate from us, and that we perceive reality with more or less accuracy.
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So if I'm in the therapist's office, and I'm telling the therapist, well, I am really, really mad.
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And the therapist looks at me and says, no, actually, you're really sad.
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Who's right?
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Well, there are some people who would say one of us is right or we're both wrong because there's some objective reality.
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But reality is not purely objective and it's not purely subjective.
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It is relational.
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There is one reality that is perspective dependent.
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I experience anger.
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My therapist is experiencing me as sad, and together that's the reality of the situation.
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My name is Lisa Feldman Barrett.
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I am a university distinguished professor of psychology at Northeastern University in Boston, and I'm here to talk to you today about the nature of reality.
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You know, a small topic.
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The nature of reality.
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Is reality objective, out there, separate from you, or is reality all in your head?
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Philosophers have been debating this question for millennia,
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and I think they're probably asking the wrong question. In reality,
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everything you do and every experience that you ever have is a combination of the remembered past and the sensory present.
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That is the signals that are hitting your retina in each eye, the cochlea in each ear, the receptors in your skin.
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The idea is that reality is made up of stable patterns of signals.
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Our best available evidence for how the brain is using past experience to anticipate sensory signals from the world,
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it suggests that reality may not be out there in the world,
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separate from you, and it's definitely not only in your head.
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It's actually a combination of the two, which means that reality exists, but it exists in relation to you.
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Perception box is another way of talking about the remembered past.
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It's a concept that captures the idea
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that there is a relationship between what is inside your head and what is outside in the world.
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What relational realism implies for perception box is that your box is the ingredients,
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the signals that you bring to creating the relational present.
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So there's an old parable that people often appeal to when they're talking about the nature of reality, and it goes something like this.
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If a tree falls in the forest and nobody is there to hear it, does it make a sound?
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A falling tree will cause vibrations in the air.
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So a relational realist would say there needs to be a set of receptors that detect those vibrations.
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And in order for it to be a sound of a tree falling, an organism has to know that that's what those sounds mean.
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So a relational realist would say
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if there's no organism there to detect the signals then no the tree does not make a sound.
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There are other signals that are required to translate those vibrations into a sound.
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Animals have sensory surfaces that we don't have.
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Reality as it pertains to them, in relation to them, is different than it is for us.
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So an example would be,
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there's a lot of vibration -based noise in the ocean that we don't detect and is not really relevant to us.
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But it turns out that those signals are detected by whales.
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And those signals are because of the whale's sensory surfaces and the whale's brain.
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are part of reality from their perspective.
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And we interfere with their ability to communicate with each other by our ignorance of their perspective.
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And it's not that hard to go from that kind of an idea to our interactions with each other.
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Often in an argument, you want to appeal to the authority of objective reality to say that you're right.
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And if reality is relational, you can't do that.
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In order to resolve the conflict,
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it means you have to admit the idea that somebody else's experience has equivalent authority to your own.
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The idea that somebody else's experience is part of reality as much as yours doesn't invalidate your experience.
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It means that your experience is a part of reality, but it's not the only part.
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There are parts of reality that we share, and there are parts of reality that each of us has access to that the other doesn't.
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And if you spend time around people who are just like you,
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who have the same reactions as you or the same experiences as you,
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you'll be reinforcing the remembered past that's easy for you to conjure.
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But if you are curious, if you're foraging for new sets of signals,
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new meanings, you are very likely to expand the aspects of reality that you have access to.
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The goal there is to be curious and be humble.
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As a person, I think it's incumbent upon us,
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we really ought to experience as many aspects of reality as we can.
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Otherwise, we're ignorant and ignorance is not helpful.
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It has nothing to do with objectivity.
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It has everything to do with being able to experience as much of reality as possible.
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本课的词汇与口语要点
这节口语课以视频“The famous tree-falling thought experiment has a new answer”为素材。 视频中反复出现的词有：reality, experience, signals, relational, objective。 这段视频共有 66 个句子、881 个单词可供跟读。 讲话部分时长为 7:17。 说话人语速平稳，每分钟约 121 个词，很适合跟读。 84% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，其余的词建议在练习前先学一下。
视频中的重点词汇
视频中 15 个值得学习的单词，附发音和释义：
| 单词 | 发音 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| objective 名词 | /ɒbˈd͡ʒɛk.tɪv/ | 目標 /目标, 目的 |
| detect 动词 | /dɪˈtɛkt/ | 察覺 /察觉, 發覺 /发觉 |
| sensory 形容词 | /ˈsɛn.sə.ɹi/ | 感覺的 /感觉的 |
| vibration 名词 | /vaɪˈbɹeɪʃən/ | 振動 /振动, 振盪 /振荡 |
| therapist 名词 | /ˈθɛɹəpɪst/ | 治療師 /治疗师 |
| curious 形容词 | /ˈkjʊɹ.i.əs/ | 好奇, 有好奇心 |
| aspect 名词 | /ˈæspɛkt/ | 方面 |
| relation 名词 | /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/ | 關係 /关系 |
| perception 名词 | /pɚˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/ | 知覺 /知觉, 感知 |
| ignorance 名词 | /ˈɪɡ.nɚ.əns/ | 無知 /无知 |
| receptor 名词 | /ɹɪˈsɛp.tə/ | 受體 /受体 |
| organism 名词 | /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/ | 生物, 有機體 /有机体 |
| topic 名词 | /ˈtɑpɪk/ | 主題 /主题, 話題 /话题 |
| stable 名词 | /ˈsteɪ.bəl/ | 馬厩, 馬棚 /马棚 |
| helpful 形容词 | /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/ | 有幫助 /有帮助 |
视频中出现的短语动词
| 单词 | 释义 |
|---|---|
| turn out 动词 | 原來 /原来 |
视频中的语法
说话人最常用的结构，并附上视频中的原话：
| 结构 | 视频中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 现在完成进行时 have/has been + -ing — 以前开始、现在仍在继续的动作 | they've been debating · have been debating |
| 被动语态 be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的 | is made · are required · are detected |
| 定语从句 who / which + 从句 — 补充说明人或事物 | people who would · two, which means · people who are |
需要注意的发音
说话人用了 17 次缩略和弱读形式，例如 I'm, you're, doesn't。请按听到的简短形式来说。
- “sh” 和 “zh” 音: vibration /vaɪˈbɹeɪʃən/, relation /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/, perception /pɚˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/
- 长单词——注意重音位置: organism /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/, psychology /saɪˈkɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, accuracy /ˈæk.jɚ.ə.si/, communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/
中文母语者容易读错的音：
- /v/ — 不要读成 /w/，上齿轻触下唇: objective /ɒbˈd͡ʒɛk.tɪv/, vibration /vaɪˈbɹeɪʃən/, resolve /ɹɪˈzɑlv/, subjective /səbˈd͡ʒɛktɪv/, perceive /pɚˈsiv/
- 词尾辅音 — 要读清楚，后面不要加元音: objective /ɒbˈd͡ʒɛk.tɪv/, detect /dɪˈtɛkt/, therapist /ˈθɛɹəpɪst/, curious /ˈkjʊɹ.i.əs/, aspect /ˈæspɛkt/
- /r/ 和 /l/ 的区别: relation /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/, purely /ˈpjʊɹli/, resolve /ɹɪˈzɑlv/, traditionally /tɹəˈdɪʃ.ə.nə.li/, translate /tɹænzˈleɪt/
如何用这段视频练习
- 先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
- 用正常速度逐句跟读，每句重复到你的节奏与说话人一致为止。
- 录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 objective, detect, sensory 这类单词。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。