跟读练习: Evolution explains kindness—even when it kills us | Paul Bloom - 通过视频学习英语口语
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45 句
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There's an incorrect view of evolution, which is that evolution would drive animals to be selfish,
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to be uncaring, to be unloving towards others.
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And any sort of kindness you see, either in the animal kingdom or for humans, is a mystery from an evolutionary standpoint.
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But that's just wrong.
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We now know that there's all sorts of ways in which kindness can evolve through natural selection.
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One way is kin selection.
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Basically, to the extent other creatures share your genes, it is beneficial for you to help them, to share food with them,
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to save them if they're in trouble.
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In any sort of community where everybody's sort of closely related, it's to the animal's benefit to be kind.
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A second mechanism is called reciprocal altruism.
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What this means is that if you're in constant contact with somebody else,
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it can evolve a sort of practical kindness where you help them and they help you in return.
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And so long as that deal goes back and forth, from a whole-blooded genetic standpoint, it's the sort of thing that could sustain and survive.
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So it's no mystery for a Darwinian how we can have a sort of circle of kindness
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that contains those in our family and slightly greater those we are in constant interaction with.
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But our kindness is bigger than that.
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Stand on a city street, look confused.
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If you pick the right city, some people come up to you and say, are you lost?
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Can I give you a hand?
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We help strangers.
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We take care of strangers.
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We worry about people not merely in our community, but in places thousands of miles away.
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Many people, many of you, give your resources, your money, your time to help people you aren't related to.
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Maybe you aren't in your community, but people who need help.
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There's one puzzle that often comes up, which I think is less of a puzzle than people think it is.
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And this concerns cases where people say risked your life for a stranger, even sacrificed your life for a stranger.
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People say, oh, that's not Darwinian, that's not evolutionary, because we should want to reproduce our own genes
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and why would you destroy your own body to help that body of a stranger who doesn't share your same genes?
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But I think the thing to keep in mind is what we've evolved isn't behaviors.
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behaviors, single behaviors that we choose are not the product of evolution.
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What we've evolved is brains, brains that think certain ways and have certain inclinations.
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We've evolved the capacity to think of things that evolution could have never anticipated.
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We're in a world of middle-sized objects like trees and rocks, but we can think of subatomic particles or galaxies.
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Similarly, we've evolved a morality that's close and that's narrow, that's small.
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But we're smart enough to have come to the principle of impartiality, some version of the golden rule,
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some notion that from the standpoint of the universe one person's life is just as valuable as another.
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From a gut level an injustice done to me is so much worse than an injustice for people I've never heard of.
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But when I think about it I can appreciate that at the level of principles there's no difference.
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The injustice done far away is just as severe injustice as if it were done to me.
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It makes us realize that selfishness and parochialness and racism and sexism and all sorts of biases like that are not inevitable.
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We have the capacity to override them.
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I think this is the lesson we learn when we see one person being kind to another,
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when we see tremendous examples of extraordinary altruism throughout the world.
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It teaches us that this is not beyond our biological capacity.
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And armed with this mode of and partial thinking, we've transformed our moral universe.
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本课的词汇与口语要点
这节口语课以视频“Evolution explains kindness—even when it kills us”为素材。 视频中反复出现的词有：kindness, stranger, injustice, evolved, evolution。 这段视频共有 30 个句子、652 个单词可供跟读。 讲话部分时长为 4:07。 说话人语速自然，每分钟约 158 个词，接近日常对话。 只有 81% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，词汇难度较高。
视频中的重点词汇
视频中 15 个值得学习的单词，附发音和释义：
| 单词 | 发音 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| kindness 名词 | /ˈkaɪnd.nəs/ | 恩惠, 仁慈 |
| evolution 名词 | /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/ | 演變 /演变, 變遷 /变迁 |
| injustice 名词 | /ɪnˈd͡ʒʌs.tɪs/ | 不平, 不公平 |
| gene 名词 | /d͡ʒiːn/ | 基因 |
| standpoint 名词 | /ˈstændpɔɪnt/ | 立場 /立场, 觀點 /观点 |
| mystery 名词 | /ˈmɪs.t(ə.)ɹi/ | 謎 /谜, 謎團 /谜团 |
| principle 名词 | /ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/ | 原理, 原則 /原则 |
| stranger 名词 | /ˈstɹeɪnd͡ʒɚ/ | 陌生人 |
| puzzle 名词 | /ˈpʌzəl/ | 謎 /谜, 難題 /难题 |
| practical 形容词 | /ˈpɹæk.tɪ.kəl/ | 使用的, 實用 /实用 |
| confused 形容词 | /kənˈfjuːzd/ | 困惑 |
| extent 名词 | /ɪkˈstɛnt/ | 範圍 /范围 |
| lesson 名词 | /ˈlɛs.ən/ | 課業 /课业, -課 /-课 |
| moral 形容词 | /ˈmoɹəl/ | 道德的 |
| narrow 形容词 | /ˈnæɹəʊ/ | 窄 |
视频中出现的短语动词
| 单词 | 释义 |
|---|---|
| come up 动词 | 上來 /上来 |
| go back 动词 | 回去, 返回 |
视频中的语法
说话人最常用的结构，并附上视频中的原话：
| 结构 | 视频中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 现在完成时 have/has + 过去分词 — 过去发生但与现在仍有关联的事 | we've evolved · I've never heard · we've transformed |
| 被动语态 be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的 | is called · were done |
| 定语从句 who / which + 从句 — 补充说明人或事物 | evolution, which is · people who need |
需要注意的发音
说话人用了 14 次缩略和弱读形式，例如 we've, aren't, we're。请按听到的简短形式来说。
- “sh” 和 “zh” 音: evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, notion /ˈnoʊʃən/, selfish /ˈsɛlf.ɪʃ/
- 长单词——注意重音位置: evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, extraordinary /ɪksˈtɹɔːrdɪn(ə)ɹi/, biological /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/, similarly /ˈsɪm.ə.lə.li/
中文母语者容易读错的音：
- /v/ — 不要读成 /w/，上齿轻触下唇: evolve /ɪˈvɑlv/, evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, inevitable /ɪˈnɛvɪtəbəl/, override /oʊ.vɚˈɹaɪd/
- 词尾辅音 — 要读清楚，后面不要加元音: evolve /ɪˈvɑlv/, kindness /ˈkaɪnd.nəs/, injustice /ɪnˈd͡ʒʌs.tɪs/, standpoint /ˈstændpɔɪnt/, confused /kənˈfjuːzd/
- /r/ 和 /l/ 的区别: principle /ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, practical /ˈpɹæk.tɪ.kəl/, moral /ˈmoɹəl/, particle /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/
如何用这段视频练习
- 先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
- 先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟读，熟练之后再回到正常速度。
- 录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 kindness, evolution, injustice 这类单词。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。