Shadowing Practice: Evolution explains kindness—even when it kills us | Paul Bloom - Learn English Speaking with Video
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There's an incorrect view of evolution, which is that evolution would drive animals to be selfish,
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to be uncaring, to be unloving towards others.
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And any sort of kindness you see, either in the animal kingdom or for humans, is a mystery from an evolutionary standpoint.
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But that's just wrong.
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We now know that there's all sorts of ways in which kindness can evolve through natural selection.
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One way is kin selection.
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Basically, to the extent other creatures share your genes, it is beneficial for you to help them, to share food with them,
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to save them if they're in trouble.
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In any sort of community where everybody's sort of closely related, it's to the animal's benefit to be kind.
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A second mechanism is called reciprocal altruism.
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What this means is that if you're in constant contact with somebody else,
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it can evolve a sort of practical kindness where you help them and they help you in return.
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And so long as that deal goes back and forth, from a whole-blooded genetic standpoint, it's the sort of thing that could sustain and survive.
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So it's no mystery for a Darwinian how we can have a sort of circle of kindness
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that contains those in our family and slightly greater those we are in constant interaction with.
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But our kindness is bigger than that.
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Stand on a city street, look confused.
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If you pick the right city, some people come up to you and say, are you lost?
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Can I give you a hand?
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We help strangers.
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We take care of strangers.
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We worry about people not merely in our community, but in places thousands of miles away.
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Many people, many of you, give your resources, your money, your time to help people you aren't related to.
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Maybe you aren't in your community, but people who need help.
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There's one puzzle that often comes up, which I think is less of a puzzle than people think it is.
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And this concerns cases where people say risked your life for a stranger, even sacrificed your life for a stranger.
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People say, oh, that's not Darwinian, that's not evolutionary, because we should want to reproduce our own genes
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and why would you destroy your own body to help that body of a stranger who doesn't share your same genes?
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But I think the thing to keep in mind is what we've evolved isn't behaviors.
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behaviors, single behaviors that we choose are not the product of evolution.
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What we've evolved is brains, brains that think certain ways and have certain inclinations.
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We've evolved the capacity to think of things that evolution could have never anticipated.
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We're in a world of middle-sized objects like trees and rocks, but we can think of subatomic particles or galaxies.
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Similarly, we've evolved a morality that's close and that's narrow, that's small.
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But we're smart enough to have come to the principle of impartiality, some version of the golden rule,
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some notion that from the standpoint of the universe one person's life is just as valuable as another.
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From a gut level an injustice done to me is so much worse than an injustice for people I've never heard of.
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But when I think about it I can appreciate that at the level of principles there's no difference.
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The injustice done far away is just as severe injustice as if it were done to me.
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It makes us realize that selfishness and parochialness and racism and sexism and all sorts of biases like that are not inevitable.
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We have the capacity to override them.
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I think this is the lesson we learn when we see one person being kind to another,
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when we see tremendous examples of extraordinary altruism throughout the world.
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It teaches us that this is not beyond our biological capacity.
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And armed with this mode of and partial thinking, we've transformed our moral universe.
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Woordenschat en spreektips bij deze les
Deze spreekles is gebaseerd op de video “Evolution explains kindness—even when it kills us”. Deze woorden komen het vaakst terug: kindness, stranger, injustice, evolved, evolution. Deze video bevat 30 zinnen en 652 woorden om na te spreken. Het gesproken deel duurt 4:07. De spreker praat in een natuurlijk tempo van ongeveer 158 woorden per minuut, dicht bij een alledaags gesprek. Slechts 81% van de woorden hoort bij de 3.000 meest gebruikte Engelse woorden, dus de woordenschat is pittig.
Belangrijke woorden in deze video
15 woorden uit de video die het leren waard zijn, met uitspraak en betekenis:
| Woord | Uitspraak | Betekenis |
|---|---|---|
| evolve werkwoord | /ɪˈvɑlv/ | ontwikkelen |
| kindness zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈkaɪnd.nəs/ | vriendelijkheid, aardigheid |
| evolution zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/ | evolutie |
| injustice zelfstandig naamwoord | /ɪnˈd͡ʒʌs.tɪs/ | onrecht, onrechtvaardigheid |
| gene zelfstandig naamwoord | /d͡ʒiːn/ | gen |
| standpoint zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈstændpɔɪnt/ | standpunt, uitgangspunt |
| mystery zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈmɪs.t(ə.)ɹi/ | mysterie |
| principle zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/ | principe, beginsel |
| stranger zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈstɹeɪnd͡ʒɚ/ | vreemde, vreemdeling |
| puzzle zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈpʌzəl/ | mysterie, raadsel |
| evolutionary bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/ | evolutionair |
| practical bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /ˈpɹæk.tɪ.kəl/ | praktisch |
| confused bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /kənˈfjuːzd/ | verward, in de war |
| extent zelfstandig naamwoord | /ɪkˈstɛnt/ | bereik, mate |
| lesson zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈlɛs.ən/ | les |
Phrasal verbs die je zult horen
| Woord | Betekenis |
|---|---|
| go back werkwoord | teruggaan |
Grammatica in deze video
De structuren die de spreker het meest gebruikt, met de exacte woorden uit de video:
| Structuur | In de video |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + voltooid deelwoord — iets uit het verleden dat nu nog telt | we've evolved · I've never heard · we've transformed |
| Betrekkelijke bijzinnen who / which + zin — extra informatie over een persoon of ding | evolution, which is · people who need |
Uitspraak om op te letten
De spreker gebruikt 14 samentrekkingen en verkorte vormen, zoals we've, aren't, we're. Spreek ze kort uit, zoals je ze hoort.
- De klanken “sh” en “zh”: evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, notion /ˈnoʊʃən/, selfish /ˈsɛlf.ɪʃ/
- Lange woorden — let op de klemtoon: evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, extraordinary /ɪksˈtɹɔːrdɪn(ə)ɹi/, biological /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/, similarly /ˈsɪm.ə.lə.li/
Klanken die Nederlandstaligen lastig vinden:
- Stemhebbende eindmedeklinker — /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/ niet verscherpen: evolve /ɪˈvɑlv/, confused /kənˈfjuːzd/, override /oʊ.vɚˈɹaɪd/
- /æ/ — opener dan de Nederlandse “e”: standpoint /ˈstændpɔɪnt/, practical /ˈpɹæk.tɪ.kəl/, narrow /ˈnæɹəʊ/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, sacrifice /ˈsæk.ɹɪ.faɪs/
Zo oefen je met deze video
- Luister de hele video één keer zonder te spreken en noteer de woorden die je niet kent.
- Begin op 0,75× snelheid, spreek zin voor zin na en ga terug naar normale snelheid zodra het makkelijk gaat.
- Neem jezelf op en vergelijk met het origineel; let daarbij op woorden als evolve, kindness, evolution.
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Shadowing is een wetenschappelijk onderbouwde taalleermethode die oorspronkelijk is ontwikkeld voor professionele tolkentraining en gepopulariseerd door polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. De methode is eenvoudig maar krachtig: je luistert naar native Engelse audio en herhaalt het onmiddellijk hardop — als een schaduw die de spreker volgt met slechts 1–2 seconden vertraging. In tegenstelling tot passief luisteren of grammaticadrills, dwingt shadowing je hersenen en mondspieren om echte spraakpatronen tegelijkertijd te verwerken en te reproduceren. Onderzoek toont aan dat het de uitspraaknauwkeurigheid, intonatie, ritme, verbonden spraak, luisterbegrip en spreekvaardigheid aanzienlijk verbetert — waardoor het een van de meest effectieve methoden is voor IELTS Speaking-voorbereiding en echte Engelse communicatie.