Prática de Shadowing: Evolution explains kindness—even when it kills us | Paul Bloom - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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There's an incorrect view of evolution, which is that evolution would drive animals to be selfish,
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to be uncaring, to be unloving towards others.
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And any sort of kindness you see, either in the animal kingdom or for humans, is a mystery from an evolutionary standpoint.
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But that's just wrong.
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We now know that there's all sorts of ways in which kindness can evolve through natural selection.
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One way is kin selection.
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Basically, to the extent other creatures share your genes, it is beneficial for you to help them, to share food with them,
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to save them if they're in trouble.
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In any sort of community where everybody's sort of closely related, it's to the animal's benefit to be kind.
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A second mechanism is called reciprocal altruism.
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What this means is that if you're in constant contact with somebody else,
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it can evolve a sort of practical kindness where you help them and they help you in return.
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And so long as that deal goes back and forth, from a whole-blooded genetic standpoint, it's the sort of thing that could sustain and survive.
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So it's no mystery for a Darwinian how we can have a sort of circle of kindness
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that contains those in our family and slightly greater those we are in constant interaction with.
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But our kindness is bigger than that.
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Stand on a city street, look confused.
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If you pick the right city, some people come up to you and say, are you lost?
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Can I give you a hand?
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We help strangers.
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We take care of strangers.
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We worry about people not merely in our community, but in places thousands of miles away.
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Many people, many of you, give your resources, your money, your time to help people you aren't related to.
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Maybe you aren't in your community, but people who need help.
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There's one puzzle that often comes up, which I think is less of a puzzle than people think it is.
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And this concerns cases where people say risked your life for a stranger, even sacrificed your life for a stranger.
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People say, oh, that's not Darwinian, that's not evolutionary, because we should want to reproduce our own genes
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and why would you destroy your own body to help that body of a stranger who doesn't share your same genes?
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But I think the thing to keep in mind is what we've evolved isn't behaviors.
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behaviors, single behaviors that we choose are not the product of evolution.
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What we've evolved is brains, brains that think certain ways and have certain inclinations.
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We've evolved the capacity to think of things that evolution could have never anticipated.
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We're in a world of middle-sized objects like trees and rocks, but we can think of subatomic particles or galaxies.
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Similarly, we've evolved a morality that's close and that's narrow, that's small.
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But we're smart enough to have come to the principle of impartiality, some version of the golden rule,
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some notion that from the standpoint of the universe one person's life is just as valuable as another.
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From a gut level an injustice done to me is so much worse than an injustice for people I've never heard of.
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But when I think about it I can appreciate that at the level of principles there's no difference.
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The injustice done far away is just as severe injustice as if it were done to me.
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It makes us realize that selfishness and parochialness and racism and sexism and all sorts of biases like that are not inevitable.
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We have the capacity to override them.
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I think this is the lesson we learn when we see one person being kind to another,
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when we see tremendous examples of extraordinary altruism throughout the world.
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It teaches us that this is not beyond our biological capacity.
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And armed with this mode of and partial thinking, we've transformed our moral universe.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação usa o vídeo “Evolution explains kindness—even when it kills us”. As palavras que mais se repetem: kindness, stranger, injustice, evolved, evolution. Este vídeo tem 30 frases e 652 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 4:07. O falante fala em ritmo natural, cerca de 158 palavras por minuto, próximo de uma conversa do dia a dia. Apenas 81% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é exigente.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| evolve verbo | /ɪˈvɑlv/ | desenvolver, elaborar |
| kindness substantivo | /ˈkaɪnd.nəs/ | gentileza |
| evolution substantivo | /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/ | evolução |
| injustice substantivo | /ɪnˈd͡ʒʌs.tɪs/ | injustiça |
| gene substantivo | /d͡ʒiːn/ | gene |
| standpoint substantivo | /ˈstændpɔɪnt/ | ponto de vista |
| mystery substantivo | /ˈmɪs.t(ə.)ɹi/ | mistério |
| principle substantivo | /ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/ | princípio |
| stranger substantivo | /ˈstɹeɪnd͡ʒɚ/ | estranho, estranha |
| puzzle substantivo | /ˈpʌzəl/ | enigma |
| evolutionary adjetivo | /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/ | evolutivo |
| practical adjetivo | /ˈpɹæk.tɪ.kəl/ | prático |
| confused adjetivo | /kənˈfjuːzd/ | confuso |
| extent substantivo | /ɪkˈstɛnt/ | extensão |
| lesson substantivo | /ˈlɛs.ən/ | lição |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Significado |
|---|---|
| go back verbo | voltar |
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | we've evolved · I've never heard · we've transformed |
| Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisa | evolution, which is · people who need |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 14 contrações e formas reduzidas, como we've, aren't, we're. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, notion /ˈnoʊʃən/, selfish /ˈsɛlf.ɪʃ/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, extraordinary /ɪksˈtɹɔːrdɪn(ə)ɹi/, biological /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/, similarly /ˈsɪm.ə.lə.li/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: standpoint /ˈstændpɔɪnt/, confused /kənˈfjuːzd/, extent /ɪkˈstɛnt/, genetic /d͡ʒəˈnɛt.ɪk/, atomic /əˈtɑː.mɪk/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: principle /ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/, puzzle /ˈpʌzəl/, practical /ˈpɹæk.tɪ.kəl/, moral /ˈmoɹəl/, biological /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/
- s + consoante no início — sem um “i” antes: standpoint /ˈstændpɔɪnt/, stranger /ˈstɹeɪnd͡ʒɚ/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como evolve, kindness, evolution.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.