Shadowing Practice: Evolution explains kindness—even when it kills us | Paul Bloom - Learn English Speaking with Video
Bir pratik modu seçin
Her mod tam ekran bir pratik odası açar.
45 cümleler
Cümleler çok kısa veya çok uzun ise, ayarlamak için Düzenle'ye tıklayın.
1
There's an incorrect view of evolution, which is that evolution would drive animals to be selfish,
2
to be uncaring, to be unloving towards others.
3
And any sort of kindness you see, either in the animal kingdom or for humans, is a mystery from an evolutionary standpoint.
4
But that's just wrong.
5
We now know that there's all sorts of ways in which kindness can evolve through natural selection.
6
One way is kin selection.
7
Basically, to the extent other creatures share your genes, it is beneficial for you to help them, to share food with them,
8
to save them if they're in trouble.
9
In any sort of community where everybody's sort of closely related, it's to the animal's benefit to be kind.
10
A second mechanism is called reciprocal altruism.
11
What this means is that if you're in constant contact with somebody else,
12
it can evolve a sort of practical kindness where you help them and they help you in return.
13
And so long as that deal goes back and forth, from a whole-blooded genetic standpoint, it's the sort of thing that could sustain and survive.
14
So it's no mystery for a Darwinian how we can have a sort of circle of kindness
15
that contains those in our family and slightly greater those we are in constant interaction with.
16
But our kindness is bigger than that.
17
Stand on a city street, look confused.
18
If you pick the right city, some people come up to you and say, are you lost?
19
Can I give you a hand?
20
We help strangers.
21
We take care of strangers.
22
We worry about people not merely in our community, but in places thousands of miles away.
23
Many people, many of you, give your resources, your money, your time to help people you aren't related to.
24
Maybe you aren't in your community, but people who need help.
25
There's one puzzle that often comes up, which I think is less of a puzzle than people think it is.
26
And this concerns cases where people say risked your life for a stranger, even sacrificed your life for a stranger.
27
People say, oh, that's not Darwinian, that's not evolutionary, because we should want to reproduce our own genes
28
and why would you destroy your own body to help that body of a stranger who doesn't share your same genes?
29
But I think the thing to keep in mind is what we've evolved isn't behaviors.
30
behaviors, single behaviors that we choose are not the product of evolution.
31
What we've evolved is brains, brains that think certain ways and have certain inclinations.
32
We've evolved the capacity to think of things that evolution could have never anticipated.
33
We're in a world of middle-sized objects like trees and rocks, but we can think of subatomic particles or galaxies.
34
Similarly, we've evolved a morality that's close and that's narrow, that's small.
35
But we're smart enough to have come to the principle of impartiality, some version of the golden rule,
36
some notion that from the standpoint of the universe one person's life is just as valuable as another.
37
From a gut level an injustice done to me is so much worse than an injustice for people I've never heard of.
38
But when I think about it I can appreciate that at the level of principles there's no difference.
39
The injustice done far away is just as severe injustice as if it were done to me.
40
It makes us realize that selfishness and parochialness and racism and sexism and all sorts of biases like that are not inevitable.
41
We have the capacity to override them.
42
I think this is the lesson we learn when we see one person being kind to another,
43
when we see tremendous examples of extraordinary altruism throughout the world.
44
It teaches us that this is not beyond our biological capacity.
45
And armed with this mode of and partial thinking, we've transformed our moral universe.
Uygulamayı İndir
Akıcı konuşmak için ihtiyacınız olan her şey
AI TelaffuzHer cümleyi puanla
IPA AlıştırmasıHer sesi ustalaştır
Kelime BilgisiKelime bankanızı oluşturun
Kelime OyunuOynarken öğrenin
Aynı Kanal
C1The famous tree-falling thought experiment has a new answer | Lisa Feldman Barrett
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C16
Kids don’t always make you happier. Here’s why people have them anyway. | Paul Bloom
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
Would a society based on genetics be… good? | Kathryn Paige Harden
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C13
Is success genetic? | Kathryn Paige Harden
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C12
Mindfulness isn’t the only powerful mental state | Clay Routledge
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C118
Why successful people set habits, not just goals | Wendy Wood
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
Why I’m against empathy | Paul Bloom
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
Why schools of the future will be designed with geneticists | Kathryn Paige Harden
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
The lost art of accomplishment without burnout | Cal Newport for Big Think +
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C180
What science can’t answer, according to physicist Jim Al-Khalili | Big Think
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C13
A mind-blowing explanation of symmetry | Frank Wilczek for Big Think
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
Why humans believe “everything happens for a reason” | Clay Routledge
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B21
How evolution works, in 54 minutes | Sean B. Carroll: Full Interview
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C16
Your genes affect your education. Here’s why that’s controversial. | Kathryn Paige Harden
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
What happens to your brain when you’re dreaming
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B23
How do elite performers automate their habits? | Wendy Wood
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C13
What if quantum physics could eradicate illness? | Jim Al-Khalili for Big Think
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B25
Hit peak performance with the power of habit | Wendy Wood
Daily ConversationWorking Adults
C11
Why softness beats stress | Giulia Enders
Daily ConversationWorking Adults
C13
Your brain wasn't built to hold this much information | Richard Cytowic
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
FOR YOU
Video Öner
C1117
15 cümleler
Could Humans Evolve Flight?
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
150 cümleler
Why We Can't Save Those We Love
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
402 cümleler
Before We Became the Last Humans:The Lost Species That Once Shared Our World|Prehistoric Documentary
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
44 cümleler
4 Key Lessons from Women Who Run With The Wolves by Clarissa Pinkola Estés
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
259 cümleler
Talk Back: Why Arguing With Yourself Can Help You Flourish
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
166 cümleler
Gen Z's Morality Crisis
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
582 cümleler
You've (Likely) Been Playing The Game Of Life Wrong
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C14
131 cümleler
The medicine myth | Denis Noble, Nessa Carey, Guy Brown
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C18
48 cümleler
Gift economy, commodity fetishism, and what we owe each other #capitalism #environment #philosophy
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B2155 cümleler
Why You Should Talk To Strangers | Kio Stark | English Subtitles
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
Bu dersin kelimeleri ve konuşma notları
Bu konuşma dersi “Evolution explains kindness—even when it kills us” videosuna dayanıyor. En çok tekrarlanan kelimeler: kindness, stranger, injustice, evolved, evolution. Bu videoda gölgeleme çalışması için 30 cümle ve 652 kelime var. Konuşma bölümü 4:07 sürüyor. Konuşmacı dakikada yaklaşık 158 kelimeyle, günlük konuşmaya yakın doğal bir hızda konuşuyor. Kelimelerin yalnızca %81’i İngilizcede en sık kullanılan 3.000 kelime arasında, bu yüzden kelime dağarcığı zorlayıcı.
Bu videodaki önemli kelimeler
Videodan öğrenmeye değer 15 kelime, telaffuzu ve anlamıyla:
| Kelime | Telaffuz | Anlam |
|---|---|---|
| kindness isim | /ˈkaɪnd.nəs/ | incelik, kibarlık |
| injustice isim | /ɪnˈd͡ʒʌs.tɪs/ | adaletsizlik |
| gene isim | /d͡ʒiːn/ | gen |
| mystery isim | /ˈmɪs.t(ə.)ɹi/ | gizem, esrâr |
| principle isim | /ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/ | prensip, ilke |
| stranger isim | /ˈstɹeɪnd͡ʒɚ/ | yabancı |
| puzzle isim | /ˈpʌzəl/ | bulmaca, muamma |
| confused sıfat | /kənˈfjuːzd/ | şaşkın, şaşırmış |
| lesson isim | /ˈlɛs.ən/ | ders, çimke |
| moral sıfat | /ˈmoɹəl/ | ahlakî, ahlaki |
| narrow sıfat | /ˈnæɹəʊ/ | dar |
| resource isim | /ɹɪˈzɔːs/ | kaynak |
| merely zarf | /ˈmɪəli/ | sadece, yalnızca |
| extraordinary sıfat | /ɪksˈtɹɔːrdɪn(ə)ɹi/ | fevkalade, olağanüstü |
| biological sıfat | /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/ | biyolojik, dirim bilimsel |
Bu videodaki dil bilgisi
Konuşmacının en çok kullandığı yapılar, videodaki sözcüklerin aynısıyla:
| Yapı | Videoda |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + fiilin üçüncü hâli — geçmişte olan ama şimdi de önemli olan bir eylem | we've evolved · I've never heard · we've transformed |
| İlgi cümlecikleri who / which + cümle — bir kişi ya da şey hakkında ek bilgi | evolution, which is · people who need |
Dikkat edilecek telaffuzlar
Konuşmacı we've, aren't, we're gibi kısaltılmış biçimleri 14 kez kullanıyor. Bunları duyduğunuz gibi kısa söyleyin.
- “sh” ve “zh” sesleri: evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, notion /ˈnoʊʃən/, selfish /ˈsɛlf.ɪʃ/
- Uzun kelimeler — vurguyu doğru yere koyun: evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, extraordinary /ɪksˈtɹɔːrdɪn(ə)ɹi/, biological /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/, similarly /ˈsɪm.ə.lə.li/
Türkçe konuşanların zorlandığı sesler:
- Kelime başındaki ünsüz kümesi — araya ünlü eklemeyin: standpoint /ˈstændpɔɪnt/, principle /ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/, stranger /ˈstɹeɪnd͡ʒɚ/, practical /ˈpɹæk.tɪ.kəl/, tremendous /tɹɪˈmɛndəs/
- /æ/ — “e”den daha açık: standpoint /ˈstændpɔɪnt/, practical /ˈpɹæk.tɪ.kəl/, narrow /ˈnæɹəʊ/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, sacrifice /ˈsæk.ɹɪ.faɪs/
Bu videoyla nasıl çalışılır
- Videonun tamamını konuşmadan bir kez dinleyin ve bilmediğiniz kelimeleri not edin.
- 0,75× hızla başlayın, cümle cümle tekrar edin ve kolaylaşınca normal hıza dönün.
- Kendinizi kaydedin ve orijinaliyle karşılaştırın; kindness, injustice, gene gibi kelimelere özellikle dikkat edin.
Gölgeleme Tekniği Nedir?
Gölgeleme, başlangıçta profesyonel tercüman eğitimi için geliştirilen ve çok dilli Dr. Alexander Arguelles tarafından popüler hale getirilen, bilim destekli bir dil öğrenme tekniğidir. Yöntem basit ama güçlüdür: ana dili İngilizce olan bir sesi dinler ve hemen yüksek sesle tekrar edersiniz — konuşmacıyı 1-2 saniye gecikmeyle takip eden bir gölge gibi. Pasif dinleme veya dilbilgisi alıştırmalarının aksine, gölgeleme beyninizi ve ağız kaslarınızı gerçek konuşma kalıplarını eşzamanlı olarak işlemeye ve yeniden üretmeye zorlar. Araştırmalar, telaffuz doğruluğu, tonlama, ritim, bağlı konuşma, dinleme anlama ve konuşma akıcılığını önemli ölçüde geliştirdiğini göstermektedir — bu da onu IELTS Konuşma hazırlığı ve gerçek dünya İngilizce iletişimi için en etkili yöntemlerden biri yapar.