Shadowing Practice: Evolution explains kindness—even when it kills us | Paul Bloom - Learn English Speaking with Video
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There's an incorrect view of evolution, which is that evolution would drive animals to be selfish,
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to be uncaring, to be unloving towards others.
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And any sort of kindness you see, either in the animal kingdom or for humans, is a mystery from an evolutionary standpoint.
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But that's just wrong.
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We now know that there's all sorts of ways in which kindness can evolve through natural selection.
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One way is kin selection.
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Basically, to the extent other creatures share your genes, it is beneficial for you to help them, to share food with them,
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to save them if they're in trouble.
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In any sort of community where everybody's sort of closely related, it's to the animal's benefit to be kind.
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A second mechanism is called reciprocal altruism.
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What this means is that if you're in constant contact with somebody else,
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it can evolve a sort of practical kindness where you help them and they help you in return.
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And so long as that deal goes back and forth, from a whole-blooded genetic standpoint, it's the sort of thing that could sustain and survive.
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So it's no mystery for a Darwinian how we can have a sort of circle of kindness
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that contains those in our family and slightly greater those we are in constant interaction with.
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But our kindness is bigger than that.
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Stand on a city street, look confused.
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If you pick the right city, some people come up to you and say, are you lost?
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Can I give you a hand?
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We help strangers.
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We take care of strangers.
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We worry about people not merely in our community, but in places thousands of miles away.
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Many people, many of you, give your resources, your money, your time to help people you aren't related to.
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Maybe you aren't in your community, but people who need help.
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There's one puzzle that often comes up, which I think is less of a puzzle than people think it is.
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And this concerns cases where people say risked your life for a stranger, even sacrificed your life for a stranger.
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People say, oh, that's not Darwinian, that's not evolutionary, because we should want to reproduce our own genes
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and why would you destroy your own body to help that body of a stranger who doesn't share your same genes?
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But I think the thing to keep in mind is what we've evolved isn't behaviors.
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behaviors, single behaviors that we choose are not the product of evolution.
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What we've evolved is brains, brains that think certain ways and have certain inclinations.
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We've evolved the capacity to think of things that evolution could have never anticipated.
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We're in a world of middle-sized objects like trees and rocks, but we can think of subatomic particles or galaxies.
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Similarly, we've evolved a morality that's close and that's narrow, that's small.
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But we're smart enough to have come to the principle of impartiality, some version of the golden rule,
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some notion that from the standpoint of the universe one person's life is just as valuable as another.
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From a gut level an injustice done to me is so much worse than an injustice for people I've never heard of.
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But when I think about it I can appreciate that at the level of principles there's no difference.
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The injustice done far away is just as severe injustice as if it were done to me.
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It makes us realize that selfishness and parochialness and racism and sexism and all sorts of biases like that are not inevitable.
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We have the capacity to override them.
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I think this is the lesson we learn when we see one person being kind to another,
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when we see tremendous examples of extraordinary altruism throughout the world.
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It teaches us that this is not beyond our biological capacity.
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And armed with this mode of and partial thinking, we've transformed our moral universe.
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Vocabulario y notas de pronunciación para esta lección
Esta lección de conversación se basa en el vídeo “Evolution explains kindness—even when it kills us”. Las palabras que más se repiten: kindness, stranger, injustice, evolved, evolution. Este vídeo tiene 30 frases y 652 palabras para practicar shadowing. La parte hablada dura 4:07. El hablante habla a un ritmo natural de unas 158 palabras por minuto, cercano a una conversación cotidiana. Solo el 81 % de las palabras está entre las 3.000 más comunes del inglés, por lo que el vocabulario es exigente.
Vocabulario clave de este vídeo
15 palabras del vídeo que vale la pena aprender, con su pronunciación y significado:
| Palabra | Pronunciación | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| evolve verbo | /ɪˈvɑlv/ | desarrollar |
| kindness sustantivo | /ˈkaɪnd.nəs/ | amabilidad, bondad |
| evolution sustantivo | /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/ | evolución |
| injustice sustantivo | /ɪnˈd͡ʒʌs.tɪs/ | injusticia |
| gene sustantivo | /d͡ʒiːn/ | gen, gene |
| standpoint sustantivo | /ˈstændpɔɪnt/ | punto de vista |
| mystery sustantivo | /ˈmɪs.t(ə.)ɹi/ | misterio, arcano |
| principle sustantivo | /ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/ | principio |
| stranger sustantivo | /ˈstɹeɪnd͡ʒɚ/ | extraño, extraña |
| puzzle sustantivo | /ˈpʌzəl/ | enigma, rompecabezas |
| evolutionary adjetivo | /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/ | evolutivo, evolucionista |
| practical adjetivo | /ˈpɹæk.tɪ.kəl/ | práctico |
| confused adjetivo | /kənˈfjuːzd/ | confundido |
| extent sustantivo | /ɪkˈstɛnt/ | extensión |
| lesson sustantivo | /ˈlɛs.ən/ | lección |
Phrasal verbs que vas a escuchar
| Palabra | Significado |
|---|---|
| come up verbo | salir a relucir |
Gramática en este vídeo
Las estructuras que más usa el hablante, con las palabras exactas del vídeo:
| Estructura | En el vídeo |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + participio pasado — una acción pasada que sigue importando ahora | we've evolved · I've never heard · we've transformed |
| Voz pasiva be + participio pasado — importa lo que ocurre, no quién lo hace | is called · were done |
| Oraciones de relativo who / which + oración — información extra sobre una persona o cosa | evolution, which is · people who need |
Pronunciación a tener en cuenta
El hablante usa 14 contracciones y formas reducidas, como we've, aren't, we're. Dilas en su forma corta, tal como las oyes.
- Los sonidos de “sh” y “zh”: evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, notion /ˈnoʊʃən/, selfish /ˈsɛlf.ɪʃ/
- Palabras largas — cuida el acento: evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, extraordinary /ɪksˈtɹɔːrdɪn(ə)ɹi/, biological /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/, similarly /ˈsɪm.ə.lə.li/
Sonidos difíciles para hispanohablantes:
- s + consonante al inicio — sin añadir una “e” delante: standpoint /ˈstændpɔɪnt/, stranger /ˈstɹeɪnd͡ʒɚ/
- /v/ — no es /b/: los dientes tocan el labio inferior: evolve /ɪˈvɑlv/, evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, inevitable /ɪˈnɛvɪtəbəl/, override /oʊ.vɚˈɹaɪd/
- /z/ — sonora, no /s/: puzzle /ˈpʌzəl/, confused /kənˈfjuːzd/, resource /ɹɪˈzɔːs/, mechanism /ˈmɛk.ə.nɪ.zəm/, racism /ˈɹeɪsɪzm̩/
Cómo practicar con este vídeo
- Escucha el vídeo entero una vez sin hablar y anota las palabras que no conoces.
- Empieza a velocidad 0,75×, haz shadowing frase por frase y vuelve a la velocidad normal cuando te resulte fácil.
- Grábate y compara con el original, prestando atención a palabras como evolve, kindness, evolution.
¿Qué es la Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing es una técnica de aprendizaje de idiomas respaldada por la ciencia, desarrollada originalmente para la formación de intérpretes profesionales y popularizada por el políglota Dr. Alexander Arguelles. El método es simple pero poderoso: escuchas audio en inglés nativo y lo repites en voz alta de inmediato, como una sombra que sigue al hablante con solo 1-2 segundos de retraso. A diferencia de la escucha pasiva o los ejercicios de gramática, el shadowing obliga a tu cerebro y músculos de la boca a procesar y reproducir simultáneamente patrones de habla reales. Las investigaciones muestran que mejora significativamente la precisión de la pronunciación, la entonación, el ritmo, el habla conectada, la comprensión auditiva y la fluidez al hablar, convirtiéndola en una de las metodologías más efectivas para la preparación del IELTS Speaking y la comunicación en inglés en el mundo real.