シャドーイング練習: Evolution explains kindness—even when it kills us | Paul Bloom - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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There's an incorrect view of evolution, which is that evolution would drive animals to be selfish,
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to be uncaring, to be unloving towards others.
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And any sort of kindness you see, either in the animal kingdom or for humans, is a mystery from an evolutionary standpoint.
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But that's just wrong.
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We now know that there's all sorts of ways in which kindness can evolve through natural selection.
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One way is kin selection.
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Basically, to the extent other creatures share your genes, it is beneficial for you to help them, to share food with them,
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to save them if they're in trouble.
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In any sort of community where everybody's sort of closely related, it's to the animal's benefit to be kind.
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A second mechanism is called reciprocal altruism.
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What this means is that if you're in constant contact with somebody else,
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it can evolve a sort of practical kindness where you help them and they help you in return.
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And so long as that deal goes back and forth, from a whole-blooded genetic standpoint, it's the sort of thing that could sustain and survive.
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So it's no mystery for a Darwinian how we can have a sort of circle of kindness
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that contains those in our family and slightly greater those we are in constant interaction with.
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But our kindness is bigger than that.
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Stand on a city street, look confused.
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If you pick the right city, some people come up to you and say, are you lost?
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Can I give you a hand?
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We help strangers.
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We take care of strangers.
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We worry about people not merely in our community, but in places thousands of miles away.
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Many people, many of you, give your resources, your money, your time to help people you aren't related to.
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Maybe you aren't in your community, but people who need help.
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There's one puzzle that often comes up, which I think is less of a puzzle than people think it is.
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And this concerns cases where people say risked your life for a stranger, even sacrificed your life for a stranger.
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People say, oh, that's not Darwinian, that's not evolutionary, because we should want to reproduce our own genes
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and why would you destroy your own body to help that body of a stranger who doesn't share your same genes?
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But I think the thing to keep in mind is what we've evolved isn't behaviors.
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behaviors, single behaviors that we choose are not the product of evolution.
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What we've evolved is brains, brains that think certain ways and have certain inclinations.
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We've evolved the capacity to think of things that evolution could have never anticipated.
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We're in a world of middle-sized objects like trees and rocks, but we can think of subatomic particles or galaxies.
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Similarly, we've evolved a morality that's close and that's narrow, that's small.
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But we're smart enough to have come to the principle of impartiality, some version of the golden rule,
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some notion that from the standpoint of the universe one person's life is just as valuable as another.
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From a gut level an injustice done to me is so much worse than an injustice for people I've never heard of.
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But when I think about it I can appreciate that at the level of principles there's no difference.
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The injustice done far away is just as severe injustice as if it were done to me.
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It makes us realize that selfishness and parochialness and racism and sexism and all sorts of biases like that are not inevitable.
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We have the capacity to override them.
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I think this is the lesson we learn when we see one person being kind to another,
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when we see tremendous examples of extraordinary altruism throughout the world.
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It teaches us that this is not beyond our biological capacity.
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And armed with this mode of and partial thinking, we've transformed our moral universe.

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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

このスピーキングレッスンは、動画「Evolution explains kindness—even when it kills us」を教材にしています。 繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：kindness, stranger, injustice, evolved, evolution。 この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が30文、単語が652語あります。 音声の長さは4:07です。 話す速さは1分あたり約158語で、日常会話に近い自然なペースです。 英語の頻出3,000語に含まれる単語は81%だけなので、語彙は難しめです。

この動画の重要語彙

動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。

単語発音意味
kindness 名詞/ˈkaɪnd.nəs/親切, 優しさ
injustice 名詞/ɪnˈd͡ʒʌs.tɪs/不正, 不公平
gene 名詞/d͡ʒiːn/遺伝子
standpoint 名詞/ˈstændpɔɪnt/観点
mystery 名詞/ˈmɪs.t(ə.)ɹi/ミステリー, 不思議
principle 名詞/ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/原理, 原則
stranger 名詞/ˈstɹeɪnd͡ʒɚ/知らない人, 見ず知らず
puzzle 名詞/ˈpʌzəl/難題, 難問
practical 形容詞/ˈpɹæk.tɪ.kəl/実践的な
extent 名詞/ɪkˈstɛnt/程度
lesson 名詞/ˈlɛs.ən/授業, 学科
moral 形容詞/ˈmoɹəl/倫理的な
narrow 形容詞/ˈnæɹəʊ/狭い
resource 名詞/ɹɪˈzɔːs/資源, 資産
merely 副詞/ˈmɪəli/単に, ばかり

動画に出てくる句動詞

単語意味
come up 動詞上がる, 登る
go back 動詞戻る, 帰る

この動画の文法

話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。

文型動画での表現
現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係しているwe've evolved · I've never heard · we've transformed
関係詞節 who / which + 節 — 人や物について情報を加えるevolution, which is · people who need

注意したい発音

話し手はwe've, aren't, we'reなど、短縮形や弱形を14回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。

  • 「sh」と「zh」の音: evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, notion /ˈnoʊʃən/, selfish /ˈsɛlf.ɪʃ/
  • 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, extraordinary /ɪksˈtɹɔːrdɪn(ə)ɹi/, biological /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/, similarly /ˈsɪm.ə.lə.li/

日本語話者が苦手な音：

  • /r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: principle /ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, practical /ˈpɹæk.tɪ.kəl/, moral /ˈmoɹəl/, particle /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/
  • /v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: evolve /ɪˈvɑlv/, evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, inevitable /ɪˈnɛvɪtəbəl/, override /oʊ.vɚˈɹaɪd/
  • /f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: confused /kənˈfjuːzd/, sacrifice /ˈsæk.ɹɪ.faɪs/, selfish /ˈsɛlf.ɪʃ/, beneficial /ˌbɛn.ɪˈfɪʃ.əl/, transform /tɹænsˈfɔɹm/

この動画での練習方法

  1. まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
  2. まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
  3. 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。kindness, injustice, geneなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →