Практика Shadowing: Evolution explains kindness—even when it kills us | Paul Bloom - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

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45 предложений
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There's an incorrect view of evolution, which is that evolution would drive animals to be selfish,
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to be uncaring, to be unloving towards others.
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And any sort of kindness you see, either in the animal kingdom or for humans, is a mystery from an evolutionary standpoint.
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But that's just wrong.
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We now know that there's all sorts of ways in which kindness can evolve through natural selection.
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One way is kin selection.
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Basically, to the extent other creatures share your genes, it is beneficial for you to help them, to share food with them,
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to save them if they're in trouble.
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In any sort of community where everybody's sort of closely related, it's to the animal's benefit to be kind.
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A second mechanism is called reciprocal altruism.
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What this means is that if you're in constant contact with somebody else,
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it can evolve a sort of practical kindness where you help them and they help you in return.
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And so long as that deal goes back and forth, from a whole-blooded genetic standpoint, it's the sort of thing that could sustain and survive.
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So it's no mystery for a Darwinian how we can have a sort of circle of kindness
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that contains those in our family and slightly greater those we are in constant interaction with.
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But our kindness is bigger than that.
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Stand on a city street, look confused.
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If you pick the right city, some people come up to you and say, are you lost?
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Can I give you a hand?
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We help strangers.
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We take care of strangers.
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We worry about people not merely in our community, but in places thousands of miles away.
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Many people, many of you, give your resources, your money, your time to help people you aren't related to.
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Maybe you aren't in your community, but people who need help.
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There's one puzzle that often comes up, which I think is less of a puzzle than people think it is.
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And this concerns cases where people say risked your life for a stranger, even sacrificed your life for a stranger.
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People say, oh, that's not Darwinian, that's not evolutionary, because we should want to reproduce our own genes
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and why would you destroy your own body to help that body of a stranger who doesn't share your same genes?
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But I think the thing to keep in mind is what we've evolved isn't behaviors.
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behaviors, single behaviors that we choose are not the product of evolution.
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What we've evolved is brains, brains that think certain ways and have certain inclinations.
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We've evolved the capacity to think of things that evolution could have never anticipated.
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We're in a world of middle-sized objects like trees and rocks, but we can think of subatomic particles or galaxies.
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Similarly, we've evolved a morality that's close and that's narrow, that's small.
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But we're smart enough to have come to the principle of impartiality, some version of the golden rule,
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some notion that from the standpoint of the universe one person's life is just as valuable as another.
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From a gut level an injustice done to me is so much worse than an injustice for people I've never heard of.
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But when I think about it I can appreciate that at the level of principles there's no difference.
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The injustice done far away is just as severe injustice as if it were done to me.
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It makes us realize that selfishness and parochialness and racism and sexism and all sorts of biases like that are not inevitable.
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We have the capacity to override them.
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I think this is the lesson we learn when we see one person being kind to another,
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when we see tremendous examples of extraordinary altruism throughout the world.
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It teaches us that this is not beyond our biological capacity.
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And armed with this mode of and partial thinking, we've transformed our moral universe.

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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку

Этот урок разговорной практики построен на видео «Evolution explains kindness—even when it kills us». Чаще всего повторяются слова: kindness, stranger, injustice, evolved, evolution. В этом видео 30 предложений и 652 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 4:07. Говорящий говорит в естественном темпе, около 158 слов в минуту, близком к повседневной речи. Только 81% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка, поэтому лексика сложная.

Ключевая лексика этого видео

15 слов из видео, которые стоит выучить, с произношением и значением:

СловоПроизношениеЗначение
evolve глагол/ɪˈvɑlv/развива́ться, разви́ться
kindness существительное/ˈkaɪnd.nəs/доброта́, любе́зность
evolution существительное/ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/эволю́ция, разви́тие
injustice существительное/ɪnˈd͡ʒʌs.tɪs/несправедли́вость, беспра́вие
gene существительное/d͡ʒiːn/ген
standpoint существительное/ˈstændpɔɪnt/то́чка зре́ния
mystery существительное/ˈmɪs.t(ə.)ɹi/та́йна, зага́дка
principle существительное/ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/при́нцип
stranger существительное/ˈstɹeɪnd͡ʒɚ/незнако́мец, незнако́мка
puzzle существительное/ˈpʌzəl/зага́дка, затрудне́ние
evolutionary прилагательное/ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/эволюцио́нный
practical прилагательное/ˈpɹæk.tɪ.kəl/практи́ческий
confused прилагательное/kənˈfjuːzd/спу́танный, беспоря́дочный
extent существительное/ɪkˈstɛnt/сте́пень, объём
lesson существительное/ˈlɛs.ən/уро́к, ле́кция

Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите

СловоЗначение
come up глаголподнима́ться, подня́ться
go back глаголвозвраща́ться, возврати́ться

Грамматика в этом видео

Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:

КонструкцияВ видео
Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчасwe've evolved · I've never heard · we've transformed
Придаточные определительные who / which + предложение — уточнение о человеке или предметеevolution, which is · people who need

Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание

Говорящий использует 14 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например we've, aren't, we're. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.

  • Звуки «sh» и «zh»: evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, notion /ˈnoʊʃən/, selfish /ˈsɛlf.ɪʃ/
  • Длинные слова — следите за ударением: evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, extraordinary /ɪksˈtɹɔːrdɪn(ə)ɹi/, biological /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/, similarly /ˈsɪm.ə.lə.li/

Звуки, трудные для русскоязычных:

  • Звонкие согласные в конце слова — не оглушайте их: evolve /ɪˈvɑlv/, confused /kənˈfjuːzd/, override /oʊ.vɚˈɹaɪd/

Как заниматься с этим видео

  1. Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
  2. Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
  3. Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как evolve, kindness, evolution.

Что такое техника Shadowing?

Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.

Техника шедоуинга: читать полное пошаговое руководство →