Практика Shadowing: The famous tree-falling thought experiment has a new answer | Lisa Feldman Barrett - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
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Since humans have been able to talk to each other, they've been debating the nature of reality.
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So traditionally, people believe that there is an objective reality out there,
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separate from us, and that we perceive reality with more or less accuracy.
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So if I'm in the therapist's office, and I'm telling the therapist, well, I am really, really mad.
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And the therapist looks at me and says, no, actually, you're really sad.
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Who's right?
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Well, there are some people who would say one of us is right or we're both wrong because there's some objective reality.
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But reality is not purely objective and it's not purely subjective.
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It is relational.
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There is one reality that is perspective dependent.
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I experience anger.
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My therapist is experiencing me as sad, and together that's the reality of the situation.
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My name is Lisa Feldman Barrett.
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I am a university distinguished professor of psychology at Northeastern University in Boston, and I'm here to talk to you today about the nature of reality.
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You know, a small topic.
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The nature of reality.
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Is reality objective, out there, separate from you, or is reality all in your head?
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Philosophers have been debating this question for millennia,
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and I think they're probably asking the wrong question. In reality,
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everything you do and every experience that you ever have is a combination of the remembered past and the sensory present.
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That is the signals that are hitting your retina in each eye, the cochlea in each ear, the receptors in your skin.
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The idea is that reality is made up of stable patterns of signals.
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Our best available evidence for how the brain is using past experience to anticipate sensory signals from the world,
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it suggests that reality may not be out there in the world,
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separate from you, and it's definitely not only in your head.
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It's actually a combination of the two, which means that reality exists, but it exists in relation to you.
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Perception box is another way of talking about the remembered past.
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It's a concept that captures the idea
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that there is a relationship between what is inside your head and what is outside in the world.
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What relational realism implies for perception box is that your box is the ingredients,
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the signals that you bring to creating the relational present.
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So there's an old parable that people often appeal to when they're talking about the nature of reality, and it goes something like this.
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If a tree falls in the forest and nobody is there to hear it, does it make a sound?
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A falling tree will cause vibrations in the air.
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So a relational realist would say there needs to be a set of receptors that detect those vibrations.
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And in order for it to be a sound of a tree falling, an organism has to know that that's what those sounds mean.
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So a relational realist would say
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if there's no organism there to detect the signals then no the tree does not make a sound.
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There are other signals that are required to translate those vibrations into a sound.
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Animals have sensory surfaces that we don't have.
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Reality as it pertains to them, in relation to them, is different than it is for us.
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So an example would be,
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there's a lot of vibration -based noise in the ocean that we don't detect and is not really relevant to us.
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But it turns out that those signals are detected by whales.
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And those signals are because of the whale's sensory surfaces and the whale's brain.
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are part of reality from their perspective.
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And we interfere with their ability to communicate with each other by our ignorance of their perspective.
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And it's not that hard to go from that kind of an idea to our interactions with each other.
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Often in an argument, you want to appeal to the authority of objective reality to say that you're right.
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And if reality is relational, you can't do that.
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In order to resolve the conflict,
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it means you have to admit the idea that somebody else's experience has equivalent authority to your own.
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The idea that somebody else's experience is part of reality as much as yours doesn't invalidate your experience.
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It means that your experience is a part of reality, but it's not the only part.
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There are parts of reality that we share, and there are parts of reality that each of us has access to that the other doesn't.
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And if you spend time around people who are just like you,
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who have the same reactions as you or the same experiences as you,
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you'll be reinforcing the remembered past that's easy for you to conjure.
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But if you are curious, if you're foraging for new sets of signals,
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new meanings, you are very likely to expand the aspects of reality that you have access to.
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The goal there is to be curious and be humble.
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As a person, I think it's incumbent upon us,
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we really ought to experience as many aspects of reality as we can.
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Otherwise, we're ignorant and ignorance is not helpful.
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It has nothing to do with objectivity.
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It has everything to do with being able to experience as much of reality as possible.
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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку
Этот урок разговорной практики построен на видео «The famous tree-falling thought experiment has a new answer». Чаще всего повторяются слова: reality, experience, signals, relational, objective. В этом видео 66 предложений и 881 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 7:17. Говорящий держит ровный темп — около 121 слов в минуту, удобный для шедоуинга. 84% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка; остальные стоит разобрать перед занятием.
Ключевая лексика этого видео
15 слов из видео, которые стоит выучить, с произношением и значением:
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| objective существительное | /ɒbˈd͡ʒɛk.tɪv/ | объе́кт |
| detect глагол | /dɪˈtɛkt/ | обнару́живать, обнару́жить |
| vibration существительное | /vaɪˈbɹeɪʃən/ | вибра́ция |
| therapist существительное | /ˈθɛɹəpɪst/ | терапе́вт, врач |
| curious прилагательное | /ˈkjʊɹ.i.əs/ | любопы́тный, любозна́тельный |
| aspect существительное | /ˈæspɛkt/ | аспе́кт, вид |
| relation существительное | /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/ | отноше́ние, зави́симость |
| perception существительное | /pɚˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/ | восприя́тие, перце́пция |
| ignorance существительное | /ˈɪɡ.nɚ.əns/ | неве́жество, неве́дение |
| receptor существительное | /ɹɪˈsɛp.tə/ | реце́птор |
| organism существительное | /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/ | органи́зм |
| topic существительное | /ˈtɑpɪk/ | те́ма, предме́т |
| stable существительное | /ˈsteɪ.bəl/ | коню́шня, хлев |
| helpful прилагательное | /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/ | поле́зный, любе́зный |
| anger существительное | /ˈæŋɡə/ | гнев, злость |
Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите
| Слово | Значение |
|---|---|
| turn out глагол | ока́зываться, оказа́ться |
Грамматика в этом видео
Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:
| Конструкция | В видео |
|---|---|
| Present Perfect Continuous have/has been + -ing — действие началось раньше и продолжается | they've been debating · have been debating |
| Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает | is made · are required · are detected |
| Придаточные определительные who / which + предложение — уточнение о человеке или предмете | people who would · two, which means · people who are |
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
Говорящий использует 17 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например I'm, you're, doesn't. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.
- Звуки «sh» и «zh»: vibration /vaɪˈbɹeɪʃən/, relation /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/, perception /pɚˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: organism /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/, psychology /saɪˈkɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, accuracy /ˈæk.jɚ.ə.si/, communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/
Звуки, трудные для русскоязычных:
- /w/ — губы округлены, это не /v/: whale /ˈweɪl/, distinguish /dɪˈstɪŋ.ɡwɪʃ/
- /h/ — лёгкий выдох, а не русское «х»: helpful /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/, humble /ˈhʌmbəl/
- Звонкие согласные в конце слова — не оглушайте их: objective /ɒbˈd͡ʒɛk.tɪv/, expand /ɪkˈspænd/, resolve /ɹɪˈzɑlv/, subjective /səbˈd͡ʒɛktɪv/, perceive /pɚˈsiv/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Повторяйте предложение за предложением на обычной скорости, пока ваш ритм не совпадёт с ритмом говорящего.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как objective, detect, vibration.
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.