Pratica di Shadowing: The famous tree-falling thought experiment has a new answer | Lisa Feldman Barrett - Impara a parlare inglese con i video
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Since humans have been able to talk to each other, they've been debating the nature of reality.
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So traditionally, people believe that there is an objective reality out there,
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separate from us, and that we perceive reality with more or less accuracy.
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So if I'm in the therapist's office, and I'm telling the therapist, well, I am really, really mad.
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And the therapist looks at me and says, no, actually, you're really sad.
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Who's right?
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Well, there are some people who would say one of us is right or we're both wrong because there's some objective reality.
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But reality is not purely objective and it's not purely subjective.
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It is relational.
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There is one reality that is perspective dependent.
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I experience anger.
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My therapist is experiencing me as sad, and together that's the reality of the situation.
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My name is Lisa Feldman Barrett.
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I am a university distinguished professor of psychology at Northeastern University in Boston, and I'm here to talk to you today about the nature of reality.
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You know, a small topic.
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The nature of reality.
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Is reality objective, out there, separate from you, or is reality all in your head?
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Philosophers have been debating this question for millennia,
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and I think they're probably asking the wrong question. In reality,
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everything you do and every experience that you ever have is a combination of the remembered past and the sensory present.
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That is the signals that are hitting your retina in each eye, the cochlea in each ear, the receptors in your skin.
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The idea is that reality is made up of stable patterns of signals.
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Our best available evidence for how the brain is using past experience to anticipate sensory signals from the world,
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it suggests that reality may not be out there in the world,
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separate from you, and it's definitely not only in your head.
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It's actually a combination of the two, which means that reality exists, but it exists in relation to you.
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Perception box is another way of talking about the remembered past.
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It's a concept that captures the idea
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that there is a relationship between what is inside your head and what is outside in the world.
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What relational realism implies for perception box is that your box is the ingredients,
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the signals that you bring to creating the relational present.
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So there's an old parable that people often appeal to when they're talking about the nature of reality, and it goes something like this.
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If a tree falls in the forest and nobody is there to hear it, does it make a sound?
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A falling tree will cause vibrations in the air.
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So a relational realist would say there needs to be a set of receptors that detect those vibrations.
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And in order for it to be a sound of a tree falling, an organism has to know that that's what those sounds mean.
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So a relational realist would say
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if there's no organism there to detect the signals then no the tree does not make a sound.
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There are other signals that are required to translate those vibrations into a sound.
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Animals have sensory surfaces that we don't have.
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Reality as it pertains to them, in relation to them, is different than it is for us.
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So an example would be,
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there's a lot of vibration -based noise in the ocean that we don't detect and is not really relevant to us.
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But it turns out that those signals are detected by whales.
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And those signals are because of the whale's sensory surfaces and the whale's brain.
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are part of reality from their perspective.
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And we interfere with their ability to communicate with each other by our ignorance of their perspective.
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And it's not that hard to go from that kind of an idea to our interactions with each other.
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Often in an argument, you want to appeal to the authority of objective reality to say that you're right.
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And if reality is relational, you can't do that.
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In order to resolve the conflict,
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it means you have to admit the idea that somebody else's experience has equivalent authority to your own.
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The idea that somebody else's experience is part of reality as much as yours doesn't invalidate your experience.
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It means that your experience is a part of reality, but it's not the only part.
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There are parts of reality that we share, and there are parts of reality that each of us has access to that the other doesn't.
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And if you spend time around people who are just like you,
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who have the same reactions as you or the same experiences as you,
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you'll be reinforcing the remembered past that's easy for you to conjure.
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But if you are curious, if you're foraging for new sets of signals,
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new meanings, you are very likely to expand the aspects of reality that you have access to.
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The goal there is to be curious and be humble.
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As a person, I think it's incumbent upon us,
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we really ought to experience as many aspects of reality as we can.
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Otherwise, we're ignorant and ignorance is not helpful.
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It has nothing to do with objectivity.
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It has everything to do with being able to experience as much of reality as possible.
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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione
Questa lezione di conversazione si basa sul video “The famous tree-falling thought experiment has a new answer”. Le parole che ritornano più spesso: reality, experience, signals, relational, objective. Questo video contiene 66 frasi e 881 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 7:17. Chi parla mantiene un ritmo costante di circa 121 parole al minuto, comodo per lo shadowing. Il 84% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese; conviene studiare le altre prima di iniziare.
Vocaboli chiave di questo video
15 parole del video che vale la pena imparare, con pronuncia e significato:
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| objective sostantivo | /ɒbˈd͡ʒɛk.tɪv/ | obiettivo |
| detect verbo | /dɪˈtɛkt/ | individuare, rilevare |
| sensory aggettivo | /ˈsɛn.sə.ɹi/ | sensoriale |
| vibration sostantivo | /vaɪˈbɹeɪʃən/ | vibrazione |
| therapist sostantivo | /ˈθɛɹəpɪst/ | terapeuta, terapista |
| curious aggettivo | /ˈkjʊɹ.i.əs/ | curioso, interessato |
| aspect sostantivo | /ˈæspɛkt/ | aspetto |
| relation sostantivo | /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/ | parente |
| perception sostantivo | /pɚˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/ | percezione |
| ignorance sostantivo | /ˈɪɡ.nɚ.əns/ | ignoranza |
| receptor sostantivo | /ɹɪˈsɛp.tə/ | recettore |
| organism sostantivo | /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/ | organismo |
| topic sostantivo | /ˈtɑpɪk/ | tema, categoria |
| stable sostantivo | /ˈsteɪ.bəl/ | stalla, scuderia |
| helpful aggettivo | /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/ | disponibile, utile |
I phrasal verb che sentirai
| Parola | Significato |
|---|---|
| turn out verbo | risultare |
La grammatica di questo video
Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:
| Struttura | Nel video |
|---|---|
| Present perfect continuous have/has been + -ing — un’azione iniziata prima e ancora in corso | they've been debating · have been debating |
| Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fa | is made · are required · are detected |
| Frasi relative who / which + frase — un’informazione in più su una persona o una cosa | people who would · two, which means · people who are |
Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione
Chi parla usa 17 contrazioni e forme ridotte, come I'm, you're, doesn't. Pronunciale nella forma breve, così come le senti.
- I suoni “sh” e “zh”: vibration /vaɪˈbɹeɪʃən/, relation /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/, perception /pɚˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/
- Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: organism /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/, psychology /saɪˈkɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, accuracy /ˈæk.jɚ.ə.si/, communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/
I suoni difficili per chi parla italiano:
- /h/ — va soffiata, non è muta: helpful /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/, humble /ˈhʌmbəl/
- Consonante finale — senza aggiungere una vocale dopo: objective /ɒbˈd͡ʒɛk.tɪv/, detect /dɪˈtɛkt/, therapist /ˈθɛɹəpɪst/, curious /ˈkjʊɹ.i.əs/, aspect /ˈæspɛkt/
- /æ/ — più aperta della “e”: aspect /ˈæspɛkt/, anger /ˈæŋɡə/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/, expand /ɪkˈspænd/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/
Come esercitarsi con questo video
- Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
- Fai shadowing frase per frase a velocità normale, ripetendo ognuna finché il tuo ritmo coincide con quello di chi parla.
- Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come objective, detect, sensory.
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.