Shadowing Practice: The famous tree-falling thought experiment has a new answer | Lisa Feldman Barrett - Learn English Speaking with Video
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Since humans have been able to talk to each other, they've been debating the nature of reality.
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So traditionally, people believe that there is an objective reality out there,
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separate from us, and that we perceive reality with more or less accuracy.
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So if I'm in the therapist's office, and I'm telling the therapist, well, I am really, really mad.
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And the therapist looks at me and says, no, actually, you're really sad.
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Who's right?
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Well, there are some people who would say one of us is right or we're both wrong because there's some objective reality.
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But reality is not purely objective and it's not purely subjective.
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It is relational.
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There is one reality that is perspective dependent.
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I experience anger.
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My therapist is experiencing me as sad, and together that's the reality of the situation.
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My name is Lisa Feldman Barrett.
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I am a university distinguished professor of psychology at Northeastern University in Boston, and I'm here to talk to you today about the nature of reality.
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You know, a small topic.
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The nature of reality.
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Is reality objective, out there, separate from you, or is reality all in your head?
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Philosophers have been debating this question for millennia,
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and I think they're probably asking the wrong question. In reality,
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everything you do and every experience that you ever have is a combination of the remembered past and the sensory present.
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That is the signals that are hitting your retina in each eye, the cochlea in each ear, the receptors in your skin.
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The idea is that reality is made up of stable patterns of signals.
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Our best available evidence for how the brain is using past experience to anticipate sensory signals from the world,
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it suggests that reality may not be out there in the world,
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separate from you, and it's definitely not only in your head.
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It's actually a combination of the two, which means that reality exists, but it exists in relation to you.
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Perception box is another way of talking about the remembered past.
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It's a concept that captures the idea
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that there is a relationship between what is inside your head and what is outside in the world.
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What relational realism implies for perception box is that your box is the ingredients,
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the signals that you bring to creating the relational present.
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So there's an old parable that people often appeal to when they're talking about the nature of reality, and it goes something like this.
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If a tree falls in the forest and nobody is there to hear it, does it make a sound?
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A falling tree will cause vibrations in the air.
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So a relational realist would say there needs to be a set of receptors that detect those vibrations.
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And in order for it to be a sound of a tree falling, an organism has to know that that's what those sounds mean.
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So a relational realist would say
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if there's no organism there to detect the signals then no the tree does not make a sound.
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There are other signals that are required to translate those vibrations into a sound.
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Animals have sensory surfaces that we don't have.
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Reality as it pertains to them, in relation to them, is different than it is for us.
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So an example would be,
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there's a lot of vibration -based noise in the ocean that we don't detect and is not really relevant to us.
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But it turns out that those signals are detected by whales.
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And those signals are because of the whale's sensory surfaces and the whale's brain.
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are part of reality from their perspective.
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And we interfere with their ability to communicate with each other by our ignorance of their perspective.
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And it's not that hard to go from that kind of an idea to our interactions with each other.
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Often in an argument, you want to appeal to the authority of objective reality to say that you're right.
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And if reality is relational, you can't do that.
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In order to resolve the conflict,
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it means you have to admit the idea that somebody else's experience has equivalent authority to your own.
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The idea that somebody else's experience is part of reality as much as yours doesn't invalidate your experience.
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It means that your experience is a part of reality, but it's not the only part.
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There are parts of reality that we share, and there are parts of reality that each of us has access to that the other doesn't.
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And if you spend time around people who are just like you,
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who have the same reactions as you or the same experiences as you,
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you'll be reinforcing the remembered past that's easy for you to conjure.
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But if you are curious, if you're foraging for new sets of signals,
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new meanings, you are very likely to expand the aspects of reality that you have access to.
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The goal there is to be curious and be humble.
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As a person, I think it's incumbent upon us,
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we really ought to experience as many aspects of reality as we can.
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Otherwise, we're ignorant and ignorance is not helpful.
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It has nothing to do with objectivity.
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It has everything to do with being able to experience as much of reality as possible.
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Bu dersin kelimeleri ve konuşma notları
Bu konuşma dersi “The famous tree-falling thought experiment has a new answer” videosuna dayanıyor. En çok tekrarlanan kelimeler: reality, experience, signals, relational, objective. Bu videoda gölgeleme çalışması için 66 cümle ve 881 kelime var. Konuşma bölümü 7:17 sürüyor. Konuşmacı dakikada yaklaşık 121 kelimelik dengeli bir hızla konuşuyor; gölgeleme için rahat bir tempo. Kelimelerin %84’i İngilizcede en sık kullanılan 3.000 kelime arasında; geri kalanına başlamadan önce bakmakta fayda var.
Bu videodaki önemli kelimeler
Videodan öğrenmeye değer 15 kelime, telaffuzu ve anlamıyla:
| Kelime | Telaffuz | Anlam |
|---|---|---|
| objective isim | /ɒbˈd͡ʒɛk.tɪv/ | nesne, obje |
| sensory sıfat | /ˈsɛn.sə.ɹi/ | duyusal, duyumsal |
| therapist isim | /ˈθɛɹəpɪst/ | terapist |
| curious sıfat | /ˈkjʊɹ.i.əs/ | meraklı |
| relation isim | /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/ | akraba |
| ignorance isim | /ˈɪɡ.nɚ.əns/ | cehalet, bilgisizlik |
| receptor isim | /ɹɪˈsɛp.tə/ | reseptör, almaç |
| organism isim | /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/ | organizma, canlı |
| topic isim | /ˈtɑpɪk/ | mevzu, tema |
| stable isim | /ˈsteɪ.bəl/ | ahır |
| anger isim | /ˈæŋɡə/ | öfke, kızgınlık |
| capture fiil | /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/ | ele geçirmek |
| psychology isim | /saɪˈkɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/ | ruh bilimi |
| dependent sıfat | /dɪˈpɛndənt/ | bağımlı, bağlı |
| humble sıfat | /ˈhʌmbəl/ | gösterişsiz, mütevazı |
Bu videodaki dil bilgisi
Konuşmacının en çok kullandığı yapılar, videodaki sözcüklerin aynısıyla:
| Yapı | Videoda |
|---|---|
| Present perfect continuous have/has been + -ing — önceden başlayıp hâlâ süren bir eylem | they've been debating · have been debating |
| Edilgen yapı be + fiilin üçüncü hâli — kimin yaptığı değil, ne olduğu önemli | is made · are required · are detected |
| İlgi cümlecikleri who / which + cümle — bir kişi ya da şey hakkında ek bilgi | people who would · two, which means · people who are |
Dikkat edilecek telaffuzlar
Konuşmacı I'm, you're, doesn't gibi kısaltılmış biçimleri 17 kez kullanıyor. Bunları duyduğunuz gibi kısa söyleyin.
- “sh” ve “zh” sesleri: vibration /vaɪˈbɹeɪʃən/, relation /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/, perception /pɚˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/
- Uzun kelimeler — vurguyu doğru yere koyun: organism /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/, psychology /saɪˈkɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, accuracy /ˈæk.jɚ.ə.si/, communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/
Türkçe konuşanların zorlandığı sesler:
- /w/ — dudaklar yuvarlak, /v/ değil: whale /ˈweɪl/, distinguish /dɪˈstɪŋ.ɡwɪʃ/
- Kelime başındaki ünsüz kümesi — araya ünlü eklemeyin: curious /ˈkjʊɹ.i.əs/, purely /ˈpjʊɹli/, stable /ˈsteɪ.bəl/, traditionally /tɹəˈdɪʃ.ə.nə.li/, translate /tɹænzˈleɪt/
- /æ/ — “e”den daha açık: aspect /ˈæspɛkt/, anger /ˈæŋɡə/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/, expand /ɪkˈspænd/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/
Bu videoyla nasıl çalışılır
- Videonun tamamını konuşmadan bir kez dinleyin ve bilmediğiniz kelimeleri not edin.
- Normal hızda cümle cümle tekrar edin; ritminiz konuşmacıyla aynı olana kadar her cümleyi yineleyin.
- Kendinizi kaydedin ve orijinaliyle karşılaştırın; objective, sensory, therapist gibi kelimelere özellikle dikkat edin.
Gölgeleme Tekniği Nedir?
Gölgeleme, başlangıçta profesyonel tercüman eğitimi için geliştirilen ve çok dilli Dr. Alexander Arguelles tarafından popüler hale getirilen, bilim destekli bir dil öğrenme tekniğidir. Yöntem basit ama güçlüdür: ana dili İngilizce olan bir sesi dinler ve hemen yüksek sesle tekrar edersiniz — konuşmacıyı 1-2 saniye gecikmeyle takip eden bir gölge gibi. Pasif dinleme veya dilbilgisi alıştırmalarının aksine, gölgeleme beyninizi ve ağız kaslarınızı gerçek konuşma kalıplarını eşzamanlı olarak işlemeye ve yeniden üretmeye zorlar. Araştırmalar, telaffuz doğruluğu, tonlama, ritim, bağlı konuşma, dinleme anlama ve konuşma akıcılığını önemli ölçüde geliştirdiğini göstermektedir — bu da onu IELTS Konuşma hazırlığı ve gerçek dünya İngilizce iletişimi için en etkili yöntemlerden biri yapar.