Pratique du Shadowing: Evolution explains kindness—even when it kills us | Paul Bloom - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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There's an incorrect view of evolution, which is that evolution would drive animals to be selfish,
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to be uncaring, to be unloving towards others.
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And any sort of kindness you see, either in the animal kingdom or for humans, is a mystery from an evolutionary standpoint.
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But that's just wrong.
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We now know that there's all sorts of ways in which kindness can evolve through natural selection.
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One way is kin selection.
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Basically, to the extent other creatures share your genes, it is beneficial for you to help them, to share food with them,
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to save them if they're in trouble.
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In any sort of community where everybody's sort of closely related, it's to the animal's benefit to be kind.
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A second mechanism is called reciprocal altruism.
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What this means is that if you're in constant contact with somebody else,
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it can evolve a sort of practical kindness where you help them and they help you in return.
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And so long as that deal goes back and forth, from a whole-blooded genetic standpoint, it's the sort of thing that could sustain and survive.
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So it's no mystery for a Darwinian how we can have a sort of circle of kindness
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that contains those in our family and slightly greater those we are in constant interaction with.
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But our kindness is bigger than that.
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Stand on a city street, look confused.
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If you pick the right city, some people come up to you and say, are you lost?
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Can I give you a hand?
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We help strangers.
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We take care of strangers.
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We worry about people not merely in our community, but in places thousands of miles away.
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Many people, many of you, give your resources, your money, your time to help people you aren't related to.
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Maybe you aren't in your community, but people who need help.
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There's one puzzle that often comes up, which I think is less of a puzzle than people think it is.
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And this concerns cases where people say risked your life for a stranger, even sacrificed your life for a stranger.
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People say, oh, that's not Darwinian, that's not evolutionary, because we should want to reproduce our own genes
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and why would you destroy your own body to help that body of a stranger who doesn't share your same genes?
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But I think the thing to keep in mind is what we've evolved isn't behaviors.
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behaviors, single behaviors that we choose are not the product of evolution.
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What we've evolved is brains, brains that think certain ways and have certain inclinations.
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We've evolved the capacity to think of things that evolution could have never anticipated.
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We're in a world of middle-sized objects like trees and rocks, but we can think of subatomic particles or galaxies.
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Similarly, we've evolved a morality that's close and that's narrow, that's small.
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But we're smart enough to have come to the principle of impartiality, some version of the golden rule,
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some notion that from the standpoint of the universe one person's life is just as valuable as another.
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From a gut level an injustice done to me is so much worse than an injustice for people I've never heard of.
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But when I think about it I can appreciate that at the level of principles there's no difference.
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The injustice done far away is just as severe injustice as if it were done to me.
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It makes us realize that selfishness and parochialness and racism and sexism and all sorts of biases like that are not inevitable.
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We have the capacity to override them.
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I think this is the lesson we learn when we see one person being kind to another,
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when we see tremendous examples of extraordinary altruism throughout the world.
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It teaches us that this is not beyond our biological capacity.
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And armed with this mode of and partial thinking, we've transformed our moral universe.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale s’appuie sur la vidéo « Evolution explains kindness—even when it kills us ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : kindness, stranger, injustice, evolved, evolution. Cette vidéo contient 30 phrases et 652 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 4:07. Le locuteur parle à un rythme naturel d’environ 158 mots par minute, proche d’une conversation courante. Seuls 81 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
15 mots de la vidéo à retenir, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| evolve verbe | /ɪˈvɑlv/ | élaborer |
| kindness nom | /ˈkaɪnd.nəs/ | bonté |
| evolution nom | /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/ | évolution |
| injustice nom | /ɪnˈd͡ʒʌs.tɪs/ | injustice |
| gene nom | /d͡ʒiːn/ | gène |
| standpoint nom | /ˈstændpɔɪnt/ | point de vue |
| mystery nom | /ˈmɪs.t(ə.)ɹi/ | mystère |
| principle nom | /ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/ | principe |
| stranger nom | /ˈstɹeɪnd͡ʒɚ/ | inconnu, inconnue |
| puzzle nom | /ˈpʌzəl/ | énigme, mystère |
| evolutionary adjectif | /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/ | évolutif, évolutionnaire |
| practical adjectif | /ˈpɹæk.tɪ.kəl/ | pratique |
| confused adjectif | /kənˈfjuːzd/ | désorienté, perdu |
| extent nom | /ɪkˈstɛnt/ | mesure |
| lesson nom | /ˈlɛs.ən/ | leçon |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Sens |
|---|---|
| come up verbe | se montrer, sortir du bois |
| go back verbe | rentrer, retourner |
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant | we've evolved · I've never heard · we've transformed |
| Propositions relatives who / which + proposition — une précision sur une personne ou une chose | evolution, which is · people who need |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 14 contractions et formes réduites, comme we've, aren't, we're. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, notion /ˈnoʊʃən/, selfish /ˈsɛlf.ɪʃ/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, extraordinary /ɪksˈtɹɔːrdɪn(ə)ɹi/, biological /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/, similarly /ˈsɪm.ə.lə.li/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /tʃ/ et /dʒ/ — à ne pas adoucir en « ch » et « j »: injustice /ɪnˈd͡ʒʌs.tɪs/, gene /d͡ʒiːn/, stranger /ˈstɹeɪnd͡ʒɚ/, genetic /d͡ʒəˈnɛt.ɪk/, biological /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: mystery /ˈmɪs.t(ə.)ɹi/, principle /ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/, stranger /ˈstɹeɪnd͡ʒɚ/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, practical /ˈpɹæk.tɪ.kəl/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme evolve, kindness, evolution.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.