Pratique du Shadowing: Who decides what is socially “normal”? | Christine Emba - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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Why do cultures develop social norms?
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The clearest answer to me is that they're shortcuts.
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They provide you with a general guidebook of how to behave in society, at least for the place and time that you're in, and that can ideally help you live a better life.
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Social norms that are enforced by our communities
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or by broader groups also come with enforcement mechanisms that are often more effective than our own knowledge.
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The positive motivations that we feel when we engage in social norms, a sense of pride, accomplishment,
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being looked upon happily by other people, are powerful.
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And then the negative reinforcements, a sense of guilt when we transgress social norms, help keep us in line.
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But we're in a moment right now where society is changing rapidly
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and where many of us are not sure whether old social norms still apply.
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How do you evaluate whether a social norm is past its sell -by date, whether it's still useful in the modern era?
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The English writer G .K.
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Chesterton talks about what one should do if you encounter a fence unattended in a field.
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Some people might have the impulse to just tear it down.
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After all, what is it doing there standing alone in this field?
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But he actually suggests that one should investigate.
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The fence may not seem useful to you in this moment, but it was probably put there for a reason,
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and one should try and figure out what that reason was before discarding the fence entirely.
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I think that notion can be applied to social norms too, even ones that seem outdated.
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So, here's one example.
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Should men open doors for women?
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When you're trying to figure out whether a norm has any use still, it's helpful to look at what it was there for originally.
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Was it there to help someone, to protect, to orient society in a useful way?
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Is that use case still in some way valid now?
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If so, maybe that norm is still doing something good, even if it isn't evident immediately to you.
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With the dissolving of social norms, some people are looking for guidance.
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So who do people look to for guidance in the past?
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They look to their parents, their families.
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They look to religious leaders and sometimes state leaders.
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Who do people look to for guidance now?
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Well, let's say the slate has grown.
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It kind of feels like there's a coach for anything, whether it's meditation or parenting or how to become the best CEO.
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There are lifestyle influencers, fitness influencers, there are beauty gurus and masculinity gurus.
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So what's problematic about seeking the guidance of a self -described expert?
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The problem is in the self -described.
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They may say they're expert, but are they really? what qualifications do they have and why should you believe them?
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And then again, there's the question of what social norms are for and how they're built.
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Ideally, social norms are adapted to situations, times, and places, and the communities that they're embedded in.
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A social norm that may be fit for one community or one kind of person may not be applicable to everyone else.
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Similarly, the advice given by a fitness guru or a beauty influencer might sell well on the internet,
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but might not actually be tailored helpfully to you.
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I mainly listen to audiobooks
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and I've found Headway's audio summaries to be a great tool for deciding
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if I want to dive deeper into a book before purchasing it.
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And if I've already read the book, the text summaries are a great way for me to refresh my memory about the book's core ideas.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette vidéo contient 54 phrases et 723 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 4:55. Le locuteur parle à un rythme régulier d’environ 147 mots par minute, confortable pour le shadowing. Seuls 81 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
15 mots de la vidéo à retenir, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| norm nom | /nɔːm/ | norme |
| summary nom | /ˈsʌm.ə.ɹi/ | résumé, sommaire |
| guidance nom | /ˈɡaɪdəns/ | guidage |
| fence nom | /fɛns/ | clôture, cloison |
| guru nom | /ˈɡʊɹ(ˌ)u/ | guru, gourou |
| audio adjectif | /ˈɔ.di.oʊ/ | audio |
| fitness nom | /ˈfɪt.nəs/ | condition physique |
| dive verbe | /daɪv/ | nager, plonger |
| ideally adverbe | /aɪˈdi.ə.li/ | idéalement |
| earn verbe | /ɝn/ | gagner |
| helpful adjectif | /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/ | utile, serviable |
| valid adjectif | /ˈvælɪd/ | valide |
| engage verbe | /ɪnˈɡeɪd͡ʒ/ | attirer l'attention |
| tear verbe | /tɛɹ/ | déchirer |
| rapidly adverbe | /ˈɹæpɪdli/ | rapidement |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Sens |
|---|---|
| figure out verbe | cerner |
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | are enforced · being looked · was probably put |
| Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant | has grown · I've found · I've already read |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 10 contractions et formes réduites, comme they're, I've, you're. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: motivation /ˈmoʊ.tə.veɪ.ʃən/, notion /ˈnoʊʃən/, recommendation /ˌɹɛkəmɛnˈdeɪʃən/, meditation /mɛdɪˈteɪʃn̩/, qualification /ˌkwɑlɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: ideally /aɪˈdi.ə.li/, investigate /ɪnˈvɛs.tə.ɡeɪt/, similarly /ˈsɪm.ə.lə.li/, mechanism /ˈmɛk.ə.nɪ.zəm/, motivation /ˈmoʊ.tə.veɪ.ʃən/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Répétez phrase par phrase à vitesse normale, en reprenant chacune jusqu’à ce que votre rythme corresponde à celui du locuteur.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme norm, summary, guidance.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.