Pratique du Shadowing: What if quantum physics could eradicate illness? | Jim Al-Khalili for Big Think - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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32 phrases
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Quantum biology is looking for and studying quantum phenomena, quantum effects inside living cells.
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On the one hand, physicists don't like applying their laws of physics and quantum mechanics inside living systems because biology is hard,
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it's complicated, it's messy.
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It's hard enough trying to find quantum effects in a sterile physics lab.
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How does that sort of quantum behaviour survive inside the noisy, messy, complex environment of a living system?
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So physicists think, no, that's too complicated for us.
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Biologists don't want to think about quantum mechanics because by and large they don't understand the mathematics of quantum mechanics.
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And to be fair, molecular biology and genetics have progressed very well, thank you very much, without any help from quantum mechanics.
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In the middle, between the physicists and the biologists, are the chemists who say, well, of course, once you get down to the level of molecules, you're going to hit the quantum realm at some point.
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So you shouldn't be surprised that there must be some quantum effects.
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Don't go inventing new fields of science just to make it sound sexy somehow.
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There may be quantum effects going on, but that doesn't play a functional role.
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You don't need that to explain how an enzyme catalyzes a particular chemical reaction
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or how bacteria photosynthesizes light and turns it into chemical energy.
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That's all biochemistry and it's all understood.
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My counter argument to that is that it may well be that there are quantum effects.
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For example, quantum tunneling when a particle can jump from A to B in a way that's forbidden in our everyday world, but which is very familiar to us in physics and chemistry,
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that may well play a very fundamental role in certain biochemical processes.
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For example, whether mutations can take place in DNA because a single proton,
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a hydrogen atom, has jumped from one strand of DNA to the other in a way
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that it wouldn't do if we didn't use the rules of quantum mechanics.
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Now this could happen if it's given enough energy by say the surrounding water molecules
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that can nudge it over but it can also quantum tunnel across
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which means it can jump even though it doesn't have enough
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energy to get over the energy barrier they can quantum tunnel
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through the hill like a phantom walking through a brick wall
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now mutations are necessary for life otherwise there will be no change given the current progress we're making in genetics,
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gene editing, in being able to manipulate the building blocks of life down at the molecular scale.
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If quantum tunneling plays an important part,
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might it be possible to inhibit certain mutations by inhibiting the ability of particles to quantum tunnel?
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That would suggest that quantum mechanics plays a role in the entire evolution of life on this planet.
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And that might have huge implications for our health.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette vidéo contient 32 phrases et 481 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 3:00. Le locuteur parle à un rythme naturel d’environ 160 mots par minute, proche d’une conversation courante. Seuls 75 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
15 mots de la vidéo à retenir, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| quantum nom | /ˈkwɑntəm/ | quantité |
| mechanic nom | /mɪˈkænɪk/ | mécanicien, mécanicienne |
| tunnel nom | /ˈtʌn(ə)l/ | tunnel |
| physics nom | /ˈfɪz.ɪks/ | physique |
| biology nom | /baɪˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/ | biologie |
| mutation nom | /mjuˈteɪʃən/ | mutation |
| complicated adjectif | /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/ | compliqué, alambiqué |
| molecular adjectif | /məˈlɛk.jə.ləɹ/ | moléculaire |
| particle nom | /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/ | particule |
| messy adjectif | /ˈmɛsi/ | désordonné, désorganisé |
| genetics nom | /dʒəˈnɛt.ɪks/ | génétique |
| molecule nom | /ˈmɑ.lɪ.kjul/ | molécule |
| everyday adjectif | /ˈɛvɹiˌdeɪ/ | usuel |
| sexy adjectif | /ˈsɛksi/ | sexy |
| evolution nom | /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/ | évolution |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Sens |
|---|---|
| get over verbe | surmonter |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 12 contractions et formes réduites, comme don't, doesn't, didn't. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: mutation /mjuˈteɪʃən/, evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, implication /ˌɪmpləˈkeɪʃən/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: biology /baɪˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, molecular /məˈlɛk.jə.ləɹ/, evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, fundamental /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme quantum, mechanic, tunnel.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.