Pratica di Shadowing: What if quantum physics could eradicate illness? | Jim Al-Khalili for Big Think - Impara a parlare inglese con i video
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Quantum biology is looking for and studying quantum phenomena, quantum effects inside living cells.
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On the one hand, physicists don't like applying their laws of physics and quantum mechanics inside living systems because biology is hard,
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it's complicated, it's messy.
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It's hard enough trying to find quantum effects in a sterile physics lab.
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How does that sort of quantum behaviour survive inside the noisy, messy, complex environment of a living system?
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So physicists think, no, that's too complicated for us.
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Biologists don't want to think about quantum mechanics because by and large they don't understand the mathematics of quantum mechanics.
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And to be fair, molecular biology and genetics have progressed very well, thank you very much, without any help from quantum mechanics.
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In the middle, between the physicists and the biologists, are the chemists who say, well, of course, once you get down to the level of molecules, you're going to hit the quantum realm at some point.
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So you shouldn't be surprised that there must be some quantum effects.
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Don't go inventing new fields of science just to make it sound sexy somehow.
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There may be quantum effects going on, but that doesn't play a functional role.
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You don't need that to explain how an enzyme catalyzes a particular chemical reaction
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or how bacteria photosynthesizes light and turns it into chemical energy.
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That's all biochemistry and it's all understood.
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My counter argument to that is that it may well be that there are quantum effects.
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For example, quantum tunneling when a particle can jump from A to B in a way that's forbidden in our everyday world, but which is very familiar to us in physics and chemistry,
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that may well play a very fundamental role in certain biochemical processes.
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For example, whether mutations can take place in DNA because a single proton,
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a hydrogen atom, has jumped from one strand of DNA to the other in a way
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that it wouldn't do if we didn't use the rules of quantum mechanics.
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Now this could happen if it's given enough energy by say the surrounding water molecules
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that can nudge it over but it can also quantum tunnel across
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which means it can jump even though it doesn't have enough
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energy to get over the energy barrier they can quantum tunnel
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through the hill like a phantom walking through a brick wall
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now mutations are necessary for life otherwise there will be no change given the current progress we're making in genetics,
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gene editing, in being able to manipulate the building blocks of life down at the molecular scale.
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If quantum tunneling plays an important part,
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might it be possible to inhibit certain mutations by inhibiting the ability of particles to quantum tunnel?
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That would suggest that quantum mechanics plays a role in the entire evolution of life on this planet.
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And that might have huge implications for our health.
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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione
Questo video contiene 32 frasi e 481 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 3:00. Chi parla ha un ritmo naturale di circa 160 parole al minuto, vicino a una conversazione quotidiana. Solo il 75% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese, quindi il lessico è impegnativo.
Vocaboli chiave di questo video
15 parole del video che vale la pena imparare, con pronuncia e significato:
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| mechanic sostantivo | /mɪˈkænɪk/ | meccanico, meccanica |
| tunnel sostantivo | /ˈtʌn(ə)l/ | tunnel, galleria |
| physics sostantivo | /ˈfɪz.ɪks/ | fisica |
| biology sostantivo | /baɪˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/ | biologia |
| mutation sostantivo | /mjuˈteɪʃən/ | mutazione |
| complicated aggettivo | /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/ | complicato, intricato |
| molecular aggettivo | /məˈlɛk.jə.ləɹ/ | molecolare |
| particle sostantivo | /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/ | granello, pezzetto |
| messy aggettivo | /ˈmɛsi/ | disordinato |
| genetics sostantivo | /dʒəˈnɛt.ɪks/ | genetica |
| molecule sostantivo | /ˈmɑ.lɪ.kjul/ | molecola |
| everyday aggettivo | /ˈɛvɹiˌdeɪ/ | quotidiano, giornaliero |
| sexy aggettivo | /ˈsɛksi/ | sexy |
| evolution sostantivo | /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/ | evoluzione |
| gene sostantivo | /d͡ʒiːn/ | gene |
I phrasal verb che sentirai
| Parola | Significato |
|---|---|
| get over verbo | superare, vincere |
Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione
Chi parla usa 12 contrazioni e forme ridotte, come don't, doesn't, didn't. Pronunciale nella forma breve, così come le senti.
- I suoni “sh” e “zh”: mutation /mjuˈteɪʃən/, evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, implication /ˌɪmpləˈkeɪʃən/
- Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: biology /baɪˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, molecular /məˈlɛk.jə.ləɹ/, evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, fundamental /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/
Come esercitarsi con questo video
- Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
- Inizia a velocità 0,75×, fai shadowing frase per frase e torna alla velocità normale quando diventa facile.
- Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come mechanic, tunnel, physics.
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.