Pratica di Shadowing: Evolution explains kindness—even when it kills us | Paul Bloom - Impara a parlare inglese con i video
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There's an incorrect view of evolution, which is that evolution would drive animals to be selfish,
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to be uncaring, to be unloving towards others.
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And any sort of kindness you see, either in the animal kingdom or for humans, is a mystery from an evolutionary standpoint.
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But that's just wrong.
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We now know that there's all sorts of ways in which kindness can evolve through natural selection.
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One way is kin selection.
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Basically, to the extent other creatures share your genes, it is beneficial for you to help them, to share food with them,
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to save them if they're in trouble.
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In any sort of community where everybody's sort of closely related, it's to the animal's benefit to be kind.
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A second mechanism is called reciprocal altruism.
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What this means is that if you're in constant contact with somebody else,
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it can evolve a sort of practical kindness where you help them and they help you in return.
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And so long as that deal goes back and forth, from a whole-blooded genetic standpoint, it's the sort of thing that could sustain and survive.
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So it's no mystery for a Darwinian how we can have a sort of circle of kindness
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that contains those in our family and slightly greater those we are in constant interaction with.
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But our kindness is bigger than that.
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Stand on a city street, look confused.
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If you pick the right city, some people come up to you and say, are you lost?
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Can I give you a hand?
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We help strangers.
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We take care of strangers.
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We worry about people not merely in our community, but in places thousands of miles away.
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Many people, many of you, give your resources, your money, your time to help people you aren't related to.
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Maybe you aren't in your community, but people who need help.
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There's one puzzle that often comes up, which I think is less of a puzzle than people think it is.
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And this concerns cases where people say risked your life for a stranger, even sacrificed your life for a stranger.
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People say, oh, that's not Darwinian, that's not evolutionary, because we should want to reproduce our own genes
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and why would you destroy your own body to help that body of a stranger who doesn't share your same genes?
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But I think the thing to keep in mind is what we've evolved isn't behaviors.
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behaviors, single behaviors that we choose are not the product of evolution.
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What we've evolved is brains, brains that think certain ways and have certain inclinations.
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We've evolved the capacity to think of things that evolution could have never anticipated.
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We're in a world of middle-sized objects like trees and rocks, but we can think of subatomic particles or galaxies.
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Similarly, we've evolved a morality that's close and that's narrow, that's small.
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But we're smart enough to have come to the principle of impartiality, some version of the golden rule,
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some notion that from the standpoint of the universe one person's life is just as valuable as another.
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From a gut level an injustice done to me is so much worse than an injustice for people I've never heard of.
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But when I think about it I can appreciate that at the level of principles there's no difference.
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The injustice done far away is just as severe injustice as if it were done to me.
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It makes us realize that selfishness and parochialness and racism and sexism and all sorts of biases like that are not inevitable.
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We have the capacity to override them.
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I think this is the lesson we learn when we see one person being kind to another,
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when we see tremendous examples of extraordinary altruism throughout the world.
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It teaches us that this is not beyond our biological capacity.
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And armed with this mode of and partial thinking, we've transformed our moral universe.
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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione
Questa lezione di conversazione si basa sul video “Evolution explains kindness—even when it kills us”. Le parole che ritornano più spesso: kindness, stranger, injustice, evolved, evolution. Questo video contiene 30 frasi e 652 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 4:07. Chi parla ha un ritmo naturale di circa 158 parole al minuto, vicino a una conversazione quotidiana. Solo il 81% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese, quindi il lessico è impegnativo.
Vocaboli chiave di questo video
15 parole del video che vale la pena imparare, con pronuncia e significato:
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| kindness sostantivo | /ˈkaɪnd.nəs/ | bontà, gentilezza |
| evolution sostantivo | /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/ | evoluzione |
| injustice sostantivo | /ɪnˈd͡ʒʌs.tɪs/ | ingiustizia |
| gene sostantivo | /d͡ʒiːn/ | gene |
| standpoint sostantivo | /ˈstændpɔɪnt/ | punto di vista |
| mystery sostantivo | /ˈmɪs.t(ə.)ɹi/ | mistero, arcano |
| principle sostantivo | /ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/ | principio |
| stranger sostantivo | /ˈstɹeɪnd͡ʒɚ/ | sconosciuto, straniero |
| puzzle sostantivo | /ˈpʌzəl/ | mistero, rompicapo |
| evolutionary aggettivo | /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/ | evoluzionario, evolutivo |
| practical aggettivo | /ˈpɹæk.tɪ.kəl/ | pratico |
| confused aggettivo | /kənˈfjuːzd/ | confuso |
| extent sostantivo | /ɪkˈstɛnt/ | estensione |
| lesson sostantivo | /ˈlɛs.ən/ | lezione |
| moral aggettivo | /ˈmoɹəl/ | morale |
I phrasal verb che sentirai
| Parola | Significato |
|---|---|
| come up verbo | venire fuori, emergere |
| go back verbo | tornare |
La grammatica di questo video
Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:
| Struttura | Nel video |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + participio passato — un’azione passata che conta ancora adesso | we've evolved · I've never heard · we've transformed |
| Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fa | is called · were done |
| Frasi relative who / which + frase — un’informazione in più su una persona o una cosa | evolution, which is · people who need |
Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione
Chi parla usa 14 contrazioni e forme ridotte, come we've, aren't, we're. Pronunciale nella forma breve, così come le senti.
- I suoni “sh” e “zh”: evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, notion /ˈnoʊʃən/, selfish /ˈsɛlf.ɪʃ/
- Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, extraordinary /ɪksˈtɹɔːrdɪn(ə)ɹi/, biological /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/, similarly /ˈsɪm.ə.lə.li/
I suoni difficili per chi parla italiano:
- Consonante finale — senza aggiungere una vocale dopo: evolve /ɪˈvɑlv/, kindness /ˈkaɪnd.nəs/, injustice /ɪnˈd͡ʒʌs.tɪs/, standpoint /ˈstændpɔɪnt/, confused /kənˈfjuːzd/
- /æ/ — più aperta della “e”: standpoint /ˈstændpɔɪnt/, practical /ˈpɹæk.tɪ.kəl/, narrow /ˈnæɹəʊ/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, sacrifice /ˈsæk.ɹɪ.faɪs/
Come esercitarsi con questo video
- Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
- Inizia a velocità 0,75×, fai shadowing frase per frase e torna alla velocità normale quando diventa facile.
- Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come kindness, evolution, injustice.
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.