Prática de Shadowing: What if quantum physics could eradicate illness? | Jim Al-Khalili for Big Think - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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Quantum biology is looking for and studying quantum phenomena, quantum effects inside living cells.
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On the one hand, physicists don't like applying their laws of physics and quantum mechanics inside living systems because biology is hard,
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it's complicated, it's messy.
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It's hard enough trying to find quantum effects in a sterile physics lab.
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How does that sort of quantum behaviour survive inside the noisy, messy, complex environment of a living system?
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So physicists think, no, that's too complicated for us.
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Biologists don't want to think about quantum mechanics because by and large they don't understand the mathematics of quantum mechanics.
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And to be fair, molecular biology and genetics have progressed very well, thank you very much, without any help from quantum mechanics.
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In the middle, between the physicists and the biologists, are the chemists who say, well, of course, once you get down to the level of molecules, you're going to hit the quantum realm at some point.
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So you shouldn't be surprised that there must be some quantum effects.
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Don't go inventing new fields of science just to make it sound sexy somehow.
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There may be quantum effects going on, but that doesn't play a functional role.
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You don't need that to explain how an enzyme catalyzes a particular chemical reaction
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or how bacteria photosynthesizes light and turns it into chemical energy.
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That's all biochemistry and it's all understood.
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My counter argument to that is that it may well be that there are quantum effects.
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For example, quantum tunneling when a particle can jump from A to B in a way that's forbidden in our everyday world, but which is very familiar to us in physics and chemistry,
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that may well play a very fundamental role in certain biochemical processes.
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For example, whether mutations can take place in DNA because a single proton,
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a hydrogen atom, has jumped from one strand of DNA to the other in a way
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that it wouldn't do if we didn't use the rules of quantum mechanics.
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Now this could happen if it's given enough energy by say the surrounding water molecules
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that can nudge it over but it can also quantum tunnel across
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which means it can jump even though it doesn't have enough
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energy to get over the energy barrier they can quantum tunnel
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through the hill like a phantom walking through a brick wall
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now mutations are necessary for life otherwise there will be no change given the current progress we're making in genetics,
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gene editing, in being able to manipulate the building blocks of life down at the molecular scale.
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If quantum tunneling plays an important part,
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might it be possible to inhibit certain mutations by inhibiting the ability of particles to quantum tunnel?
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That would suggest that quantum mechanics plays a role in the entire evolution of life on this planet.
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And that might have huge implications for our health.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Este vídeo tem 32 frases e 481 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 3:00. O falante fala em ritmo natural, cerca de 160 palavras por minuto, próximo de uma conversa do dia a dia. Apenas 75% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é exigente.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| quantum substantivo | /ˈkwɑntəm/ | quantidade |
| mechanic substantivo | /mɪˈkænɪk/ | mecânico, mecânica |
| tunnel substantivo | /ˈtʌn(ə)l/ | túnel |
| physics substantivo | /ˈfɪz.ɪks/ | física |
| biology substantivo | /baɪˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/ | biologia |
| mutation substantivo | /mjuˈteɪʃən/ | mutação |
| complicated adjetivo | /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/ | complicado |
| molecular adjetivo | /məˈlɛk.jə.ləɹ/ | molecular |
| particle substantivo | /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/ | partícula |
| messy adjetivo | /ˈmɛsi/ | desorganizado, bagunçado |
| genetics substantivo | /dʒəˈnɛt.ɪks/ | genética |
| molecule substantivo | /ˈmɑ.lɪ.kjul/ | molécula |
| everyday adjetivo | /ˈɛvɹiˌdeɪ/ | cotidiano |
| sexy adjetivo | /ˈsɛksi/ | sexy, sensual |
| evolution substantivo | /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/ | evolução |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Significado |
|---|---|
| get over verbo | superar |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 12 contrações e formas reduzidas, como don't, doesn't, didn't. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: mutation /mjuˈteɪʃən/, evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, implication /ˌɪmpləˈkeɪʃən/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: biology /baɪˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, molecular /məˈlɛk.jə.ləɹ/, evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, fundamental /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como quantum, mechanic, tunnel.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.