Prática de Shadowing: Einstein’s beef with quantum physics, explained | Jim Al-Khalili for Big Think - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo

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Einstein is celebrated for giving us the special theory of relativity.
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The fact that nothing goes faster than light, time is the fourth dimension.
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But he didn't come up with the equations.
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That was the interpretation, the narrative of the equations.
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And it's the same with any other theory in physics.
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With quantum mechanics it's different.
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We have the equations of quantum mechanics, but we can't agree on what that equation means.
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Schrodinger's equation being the most famous one, we can crank the handle and produce numbers from the equation, but the narrative, the story,
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the explanation is still something that we're arguing about.
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And that bugs me.
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By the end of the 19th century, it was already known that we needed some new physics to explain mysterious phenomena,
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X -rays, like radioactivity, that energy seemed to be coming out of nowhere, to understand the behavior or the structure of the atom.
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And so when quantum mechanics came along, it wasn't because physicists were sitting scratching their heads,
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thinking there must be some deeper understanding of the nature of reality.
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I know, let's come up with quantum mechanics.
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It was forced on physicists because of experimental results
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that were inexplicable it's a fuzzy probabilistic world things are never
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behaving in one way for certain atoms can have two energies
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at the same time electrons can be in two places at
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the same time particles aren't discrete little lumps they can sometimes
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behave like spread out waves of probability it's really down at a level far beyond anything
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that we can visualize or imagine
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if we think about everyday objects a tennis ball for example subject to the laws of newtonian mechanics.
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You drop down orders of magnitude down to a millimetre, down to a micrometre, down to the scale of individual cells or bacteria.
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Ultimately, when you get down to something like a billionth of a metre, then you start to encounter the fuzziness of the quantum world.
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The founding fathers of quantum mechanics in the 1920s, people like the Danish physicist Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Wolfgang Pauli.
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And they realized they could make predictions for the results of measurements.
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But you only make the connection with the real world if you look.
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So that's how they got away with not needing a narrative.
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The shut up and calculate interpretation.
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More correctly, it's known as the Copenhagen narrative.
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But now, many physicists, including myself, argue that it's not a narrative at all.
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It's a bury your head in the sand approach.
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Einstein was very unhappy about this, by the way.
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He said, no, look, the job of physics is to know and understand how the world is, not just to make predictions about the results of experiments,
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that sort of operationalist view.
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Well, fine, that's useful, but that doesn't give us real understanding.
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That's why we still need a narrative.
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The knowledge of quantum mechanics, together with Einstein's theories of relativity, really gave us the modern world.
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We wouldn't have developed understanding of materials and how they conduct electricity, so we wouldn't have understood semiconductors we wouldn't have developed silicon chips,
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therefore we wouldn't have computers.
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I wouldn't be talking here in this medium today were it not for our quantum understanding.
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But there are aspects of the quantum world that are more mysterious.
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Quantum entanglement, for example, the idea that,
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let's say, two electrons that are separated in space can nevertheless somehow behave in a coordinated way.
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There are speculative ideas about whether space itself is connected together via quantum entanglement.
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We don't all need to be experts in quantum mechanics.
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Not even the smartest quantum physicist knows how stuff goes on inside their smartphone.
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But we are going to be developing ideas like quantum cryptography, quantum computing, quantum sensors.
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These are ideas and technologies that are going to affect us in our daily lives.
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So we do need to have enough of an appreciation of the science simply to know what to trust, who to trust.
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As we peel back layers of the onion about the nature of reality, we find deeper mysteries inside.
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But it's also true that we are learning more.
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We are becoming more enlightened.
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We know a lot about how the world works now, but that doesn't mean we have reached the end of the road.
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Now, I think there's going to be more weirdness coming down the line, And that's great.
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I look forward to it.
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O que você vai aprender

Nesse vídeo, você desenvolve três habilidades essenciais para falar inglês com confiança: primeiro, a capacidade de seguir explicações complexas (como a física quântica!) com clareza, o que melhora sua compreensão auditiva em contextos acadêmicos. Segundo, a prática de expressar ideias abstratas de forma natural, usando frases como "a job of physics is to know" (o trabalho da física é conhecer). E terceiro, a adaptação ao ritmo de um falante nativo, crucial para se comunicar fluentemente. Tudo isso ajuda a melhorar a pronúncia em inglês de forma prática.

Ouça esses sons

No diálogo, repare nas conexões entre palavras, uma característica chave do inglês falado. Por exemplo, "it's different" é pronunciado como "itsdiff'rent" (sem pausa entre "it's" e "different"). Outra redução comum é "didn't come up" → "din'come up" (a sílaba "t" de "didn't" fica quase inaudível). Também ouça como "Schrödinger's equation" é dito com ênfase na primeira sílaba de "Schrödinger" (SHRÖ-din-jer), o que ajuda a pronunciar termos técnicos corretamente. Esses detalhes são essenciais para quem quer aprender inglês com vídeos de qualidade.

Fale como um nativo

Para imitar o ritmo do falante, preste atenção à ênfase nas palavras-chave. No trecho "the narrative, the story, the explanation", as palavras "narrative", "story" e "explanation" são destacadas com um toque mais alto e longo, enquanto as demais são mais rápidas. Isso cria uma cadência natural que você pode praticar com o método de shadowing (repetição imediata). Use um shadowing site para gravar sua voz e comparar com o original, ou faça shadowspeaks (prática de sombra) diariamente: pause o vídeo, repita a frase imitando o tom e a velocidade, e veja como sua fluência melhora. Lembre-se: o segredo é não apenas copiar as palavras, mas a música da fala!

O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?

Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.

Técnica de shadowing: leia o guia completo passo a passo →