Shadowing Practice: Einstein’s beef with quantum physics, explained | Jim Al-Khalili for Big Think - Learn English Speaking with Video
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57 משפטים
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1
Einstein is celebrated for giving us the special theory of relativity.
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The fact that nothing goes faster than light, time is the fourth dimension.
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But he didn't come up with the equations.
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That was the interpretation, the narrative of the equations.
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And it's the same with any other theory in physics.
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With quantum mechanics it's different.
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We have the equations of quantum mechanics, but we can't agree on what that equation means.
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Schrodinger's equation being the most famous one, we can crank the handle and produce numbers from the equation, but the narrative, the story,
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the explanation is still something that we're arguing about.
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And that bugs me.
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By the end of the 19th century, it was already known that we needed some new physics to explain mysterious phenomena,
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X -rays, like radioactivity, that energy seemed to be coming out of nowhere, to understand the behavior or the structure of the atom.
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And so when quantum mechanics came along, it wasn't because physicists were sitting scratching their heads,
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thinking there must be some deeper understanding of the nature of reality.
15
I know, let's come up with quantum mechanics.
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It was forced on physicists because of experimental results
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that were inexplicable it's a fuzzy probabilistic world things are never
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behaving in one way for certain atoms can have two energies
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at the same time electrons can be in two places at
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the same time particles aren't discrete little lumps they can sometimes
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behave like spread out waves of probability it's really down at a level far beyond anything
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that we can visualize or imagine
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if we think about everyday objects a tennis ball for example subject to the laws of newtonian mechanics.
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You drop down orders of magnitude down to a millimetre, down to a micrometre, down to the scale of individual cells or bacteria.
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Ultimately, when you get down to something like a billionth of a metre, then you start to encounter the fuzziness of the quantum world.
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The founding fathers of quantum mechanics in the 1920s, people like the Danish physicist Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Wolfgang Pauli.
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And they realized they could make predictions for the results of measurements.
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But you only make the connection with the real world if you look.
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So that's how they got away with not needing a narrative.
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The shut up and calculate interpretation.
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More correctly, it's known as the Copenhagen narrative.
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But now, many physicists, including myself, argue that it's not a narrative at all.
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It's a bury your head in the sand approach.
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Einstein was very unhappy about this, by the way.
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He said, no, look, the job of physics is to know and understand how the world is, not just to make predictions about the results of experiments,
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that sort of operationalist view.
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Well, fine, that's useful, but that doesn't give us real understanding.
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That's why we still need a narrative.
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The knowledge of quantum mechanics, together with Einstein's theories of relativity, really gave us the modern world.
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We wouldn't have developed understanding of materials and how they conduct electricity, so we wouldn't have understood semiconductors we wouldn't have developed silicon chips,
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therefore we wouldn't have computers.
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I wouldn't be talking here in this medium today were it not for our quantum understanding.
43
But there are aspects of the quantum world that are more mysterious.
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Quantum entanglement, for example, the idea that,
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let's say, two electrons that are separated in space can nevertheless somehow behave in a coordinated way.
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There are speculative ideas about whether space itself is connected together via quantum entanglement.
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We don't all need to be experts in quantum mechanics.
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Not even the smartest quantum physicist knows how stuff goes on inside their smartphone.
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But we are going to be developing ideas like quantum cryptography, quantum computing, quantum sensors.
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These are ideas and technologies that are going to affect us in our daily lives.
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So we do need to have enough of an appreciation of the science simply to know what to trust, who to trust.
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As we peel back layers of the onion about the nature of reality, we find deeper mysteries inside.
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But it's also true that we are learning more.
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We are becoming more enlightened.
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We know a lot about how the world works now, but that doesn't mean we have reached the end of the road.
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Now, I think there's going to be more weirdness coming down the line, And that's great.
57
I look forward to it.
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אוצר מילים והערות הגייה לשיעור הזה
שיעור הדיבור הזה ברמה C1 מבוסס על הסרטון “Einstein’s beef with quantum physics, explained”. המילים שחוזרות הכי הרבה: quantum, mechanics, equation, narrative, physicist. בסרטון הזה יש 57 משפטים ו-743 מילים לתרגול Shadowing. הדיבור נמשך 4:40. הדובר מדבר בקצב טבעי של כ-159 מילים בדקה, קרוב לשיחה יומיומית. רק 77% מהמילים נמצאות בין 3,000 המילים הנפוצות ביותר באנגלית, כך שאוצר המילים מאתגר.
אוצר מילים מרכזי בסרטון הזה
15 המילים המתקדמות ביותר בסרטון, עם ההגייה והמשמעות שלהן:
| מילה | הגייה | משמעות |
|---|---|---|
| quantum שם עצם | /ˈkwɑntəm/ | קְוַנְט |
| mechanic שם עצם | /mɪˈkænɪk/ | מְכוֹנַאי |
| equation שם עצם | /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/ | משוואה \ מִשְׁוָאָה |
| physicist שם עצם | /ˈfɪzɪsɪst/ | פִיזִיקַאי |
| behave פועל | /bɪˈheɪv/ | הִתְנַהֵג |
| atom שם עצם | /ˈætəm/ | אָטוֹם |
| prediction שם עצם | /pɹɪˈdɪkʃən/ | תַּחֲזִית |
| bacterium שם עצם | /bækˈtɪəɹ.ɪəm/ | חַיְדַּק \ חידק |
| enlighten פועל | /ɪnˈlaɪtən/ | האיר |
| radioactivity שם עצם | /ˌreɪdɪəʊakˈtɪvɪti/ | רדיואקטיביות |
| semiconductor שם עצם | /ˌsɛmikənˈdʌktə/ | מוֹלִיךְ לְמֶחֱצָה |
| lump שם עצם | /lʌmp/ | גוש |
| metre שם עצם | /ˈmiːtəɹ/ | מֶטֶר |
| calculate פועל | /ˈkælkjʊleɪt/ | חישב \ חִשֵּׁב |
| onion שם עצם | /ˈʌn.jən/ | בָּצָל |
Phrasal verbs שתשמעו
| מילה | הגייה | משמעות |
|---|---|---|
| shut up | /ʃʌt ʌp/ | שתוק, סתום |
משפטים שכדאי לחזור עליהם
משפטים קצרים ושלמים מהסרטון שאפשר להשתמש בהם בשיחה יומיומית:
- I know, let's come up with quantum mechanics.
- It's a bury your head in the sand approach.
- That's why we still need a narrative.
הגייה ששווה לשים לב אליה
הדובר משתמש ב-13 קיצורים וצורות מקוצרות, כמו wouldn't, doesn't, aren't. אמרו אותם בצורה הקצרה, כפי שאתם שומעים אותם.
- הצלילים של “sh” ו-“zh”: equation /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/, prediction /pɹɪˈdɪkʃən/, visualize /ˈvɪʒuəˌlaɪz/, dimension /daɪˈmɛn.ʃən/, measurement /ˈmɛʒ.ə.mənt/
- מילים ארוכות — שימו לב להטעמה: entanglement /ɪnˈtæŋɡəlmənt/, relativity /ɹɛl.əˈtɪv.ɪ.ti/, cryptography /kɹɪpˈtɒɡ.ɹə.fi/, inexplicable /ˌɪn.ɪkˈsplɪ.kə.bl̩/, micrometre /ˈmaɪkɹəˌmitəɹ/
צלילים שדוברי עברית מתקשים בהם:
- /w/ — שפתיים מעוגלות, לא /v/: quantum /ˈkwɑntəm/, equation /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/, weirdness /ˈwɪɚdnəs/
- /æ/ — פתוח יותר מה-“אֶ” העברית, לא כמו “a” ב-“cup”: mechanic /mɪˈkænɪk/, entanglement /ɪnˈtæŋɡəlmənt/, atom /ˈætəm/, bacterium /bækˈtɪəɹ.ɪəm/, crank /ˈkɹæŋk/
- /r/ — הלשון לא נוגעת בשום מקום, לא ה-“ר” הגרונית: relativity /ɹɛl.əˈtɪv.ɪ.ti/, prediction /pɹɪˈdɪkʃən/, bacterium /bækˈtɪəɹ.ɪəm/, cryptography /kɹɪpˈtɒɡ.ɹə.fi/, discreet /dɪˈskɹiːt/
איך לתרגל עם הסרטון הזה
- הקשיבו לכל הסרטון פעם אחת בלי לדבר, ורשמו את המילים שאתם לא מכירים.
- התחילו במהירות 0.75×, תרגלו Shadowing משפט אחר משפט, וחזרו למהירות רגילה כשזה מרגיש קל.
- הקליטו את עצמכם והשוו למקור, תוך תשומת לב למילים כמו quantum, mechanic, equation.
מהי טכניקת השאדואינג?
שאדואינג היא טכניקת למידת שפה מבוססת מדע שפותחה במקור להכשרת מתורגמנים מקצועיים ופופולרית על ידי הפוליגלוט ד"ר אלכסנדר ארגואלס. השיטה פשוטה אך עוצמתית: אתה מקשיב לאודיו באנגלית ילידית וחוזר עליו בקול רם מיד — כמו צל העוקב אחרי הדובר עם עיכוב של 1–2 שניות בלבד. בניגוד להאזנה פסיבית או תרגילי דקדוק, שאדואינג מכריח את המוח והשרירים בפה לעבד ולשחזר דפוסי דיבור אמיתיים בו זמנית. מחקרים מראים שזה משפר משמעותית את דיוק ההגייה, האינטונציה, הקצב, הדיבור המחובר, הבנת השמיעה ושטף הדיבור — מה שהופך אותו לאחת השיטות היעילות ביותר להכנה לIELTS Speaking ולתקשורת באנגלית בעולם האמיתי.