Shadowing Practice: How Einstein changed time forever | Jim Al-Khalili for Big Think - Learn English Speaking with Video

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41 משפטים
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1
We are very familiar with the idea that time flows from past to future.
2
We remember the past, we make predictions about the future.
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We grow older, you stir cream in your coffee and it mixes up.
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It doesn't unmix.
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What we refer to as the classical understanding of the nature of time is still to this day our common sense view, which is that time is absolute,
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that there's a cosmic clock out there ticking by the seconds, minutes, hours, years at the same rate for everyone.
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All this directionality to time comes from a very fundamental idea in classical physics called the second law of thermodynamics,
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which states that a quantity called entropy, which is a measure of the disorder of a system, always increases.
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Einstein gave us a different view of time.
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Einstein was forced, because of the equations of special relativity and the nature of the speed of light,
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forced to abandon the Newtonian picture of absolute time.
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Einstein taught us that time and space are connected.
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So for me, a distance between two events that happen at different times, I can measure how far apart they are in space
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and how far apart they are in time
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but for someone else traveling past me at some fraction of
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the speed of light in a rocket they would measure those two events as being a different distance apart
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and the time between them being different we won't agree on distances
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and time space and time is relative so suddenly time becomes something
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that isn't absolute that it ticks by at different rates for different people, depending on your frame of reference, and it's malleable and it's stretchable.
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And then Einstein follows that up with his general theory of relativity, in which he takes it a step further and says, what Newton taught us as being this invisible force of gravity,
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pulling objects together, is really about the shape of space -time.
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Gravity has an effect on time.
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We will see clocks ticking by at different rates depending on where they are in Earth's gravitational field.
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So suddenly in Einstein's world, time is not something apart from space.
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It's something that's integral, it's part of the fabric of reality itself.
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If we zoom into the quantum realm and you just look at the way the equations of quantum mechanics evolve in time,
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you realise you could run the tape forwards or backwards and you wouldn't know the difference.
28
Time in the quantum world is a parameter.
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And you say, right, if t equals 5, what will the system look like at t equals 10 seconds?
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You can also say, what was t at 0 or at minus 5? t is just a number,
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we can put a positive negative value to it and run our equations forward and backwards in time,
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so they're time symmetric and that's not the way we experience time in daily life.
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The way we see a direction in time in the quantum world is when we look, when we make a measurement, because that's when we interfere with the system.
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My hunch is that no quantum system is isolated.
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All quantum systems are interacting with their surroundings and it's that interaction with surroundings that gives a direction to time.
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It loses its quantumness, and that's because it's becoming increasingly entangled with its surroundings,
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in the same way that a hot object placed in a freezer will lose its heat.
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It's equilibrating with its surroundings in terms of temperature.
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In the quantum world, the quantum system is equilibrating with its surroundings in terms of information exchange.
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It will be hugely profound and exciting
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if we can see a direction to time emerging from the quantum realm this new area that we're calling quantum thermodynamics.

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אוצר מילים והערות הגייה לשיעור הזה

שיעור הדיבור הזה ברמה C1 מבוסס על הסרטון “How Einstein changed time forever”. המילים שחוזרות הכי הרבה: quantum, surroundings, space, Einstein, apart. בסרטון הזה יש 41 משפטים ו-627 מילים לתרגול Shadowing. הדיבור נמשך 3:58. הדובר מדבר בקצב טבעי של כ-158 מילים בדקה, קרוב לשיחה יומיומית. רק 80% מהמילים נמצאות בין 3,000 המילים הנפוצות ביותר באנגלית, כך שאוצר המילים מאתגר.

אוצר מילים מרכזי בסרטון הזה

15 המילים המתקדמות ביותר בסרטון, עם ההגייה והמשמעות שלהן:

מילההגייהמשמעות
quantum שם עצם/ˈkwɑntəm/קְוַנְט
surroundings שם עצם/səˈɹaʊndɪŋz/סְבִיבָה
tick שם עצם/tɪk/קַרְצִיָּה
equation שם עצם/ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/משוואה \ מִשְׁוָאָה
thermodynamics שם עצם/ˌθɜː(ɹ)moʊdaɪˈnæmɪks/תֶּרְמוֹדִינָמִיקָה
excite פועל/ɪkˈsaɪt/הלהיב, עורר
freezer שם עצם/ˈfɹizɚ/מַקְפִּיא
cosmic שם תואר/ˈkɑz.mɪk/קוֹסְמִי
mechanic שם עצם/mɪˈkænɪk/מְכוֹנַאי
emerge פועל/ɪˈmɝd͡ʒ/צץ, התגלה
prediction שם עצם/pɹɪˈdɪkʃən/תַּחֲזִית
integral שם תואר/ˈɪntəɡɹəl/אִינְטֶגְרָלִי
fraction שם עצם/ˈfɹæk.ʃən/חלק
minus/ˈmaɪ.nəs/פחות, מינוס
abandon פועל/əˈbæn.dən/נטש, זנח

דקדוק בסרטון הזה

המבנים שהדובר משתמש בהם הכי הרבה, עם המילים המדויקות מהסרטון:

מבנהבסרטון
סביל (Passive voice) be + past participle — הדגש הוא על מה שקורה, לא על מי שעושה את הפעולהwas forced · are connected · is isolated
משפטי זיקה (Relative clauses) who / which + clause — מידע נוסף על אדם או דברview, which is · entropy, which is

הגייה ששווה לשים לב אליה

הדובר משתמש ב-6 קיצורים וצורות מקוצרות, כמו doesn't, isn't, they're. אמרו אותם בצורה הקצרה, כפי שאתם שומעים אותם.

  • הצלילים של “sh” ו-“zh”: equation /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/, gravitational /ˌɡɹævɪˈteɪʃənəl/, prediction /pɹɪˈdɪkʃən/, fraction /ˈfɹæk.ʃən/, measurement /ˈmɛʒ.ə.mənt/
  • מילים ארוכות — שימו לב להטעמה: equilibrate /iːkwɪˈlɪbɹeɪt/, relativity /ɹɛl.əˈtɪv.ɪ.ti/, thermodynamics /ˌθɜː(ɹ)moʊdaɪˈnæmɪks/, gravitational /ˌɡɹævɪˈteɪʃənəl/, malleable /ˈmæl.iː.ə.bəl/

צלילים שדוברי עברית מתקשים בהם:

  • /w/ — שפתיים מעוגלות, לא /v/: quantum /ˈkwɑntəm/, equation /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/, equilibrate /iːkwɪˈlɪbɹeɪt/, backward /ˈbækwɚd/, quantity /ˈkwɑn(t)ɪti/
  • /æ/ — פתוח יותר מה-“אֶ” העברית, לא כמו “a” ב-“cup”: thermodynamics /ˌθɜː(ɹ)moʊdaɪˈnæmɪks/, backward /ˈbækwɚd/, entangle /ɪnˈtæŋ.ɡəl/, gravitational /ˌɡɹævɪˈteɪʃənəl/, malleable /ˈmæl.iː.ə.bəl/
  • /r/ — הלשון לא נוגעת בשום מקום, לא ה-“ר” הגרונית: surroundings /səˈɹaʊndɪŋz/, equilibrate /iːkwɪˈlɪbɹeɪt/, relativity /ɹɛl.əˈtɪv.ɪ.ti/, thermodynamics /ˌθɜː(ɹ)moʊdaɪˈnæmɪks/, entropy /ˈɛntɹəpi/

איך לתרגל עם הסרטון הזה

  1. הקשיבו לכל הסרטון פעם אחת בלי לדבר, ורשמו את המילים שאתם לא מכירים.
  2. התחילו במהירות 0.75×, תרגלו Shadowing משפט אחר משפט, וחזרו למהירות רגילה כשזה מרגיש קל.
  3. הקליטו את עצמכם והשוו למקור, תוך תשומת לב למילים כמו quantum, surroundings, tick.

מהי טכניקת השאדואינג?

שאדואינג היא טכניקת למידת שפה מבוססת מדע שפותחה במקור להכשרת מתורגמנים מקצועיים ופופולרית על ידי הפוליגלוט ד"ר אלכסנדר ארגואלס. השיטה פשוטה אך עוצמתית: אתה מקשיב לאודיו באנגלית ילידית וחוזר עליו בקול רם מיד — כמו צל העוקב אחרי הדובר עם עיכוב של 1–2 שניות בלבד. בניגוד להאזנה פסיבית או תרגילי דקדוק, שאדואינג מכריח את המוח והשרירים בפה לעבד ולשחזר דפוסי דיבור אמיתיים בו זמנית. מחקרים מראים שזה משפר משמעותית את דיוק ההגייה, האינטונציה, הקצב, הדיבור המחובר, הבנת השמיעה ושטף הדיבור — מה שהופך אותו לאחת השיטות היעילות ביותר להכנה לIELTS Speaking ולתקשורת באנגלית בעולם האמיתי.

טכניקת Shadowing: קרא את המדריך המלא שלב אחר שלב →