跟读练习: How Einstein changed time forever | Jim Al-Khalili for Big Think - 通过视频学习英语口语
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41 句
如果句子过短或过长，请点击 Edit 进行调整。
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We are very familiar with the idea that time flows from past to future.
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We remember the past, we make predictions about the future.
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We grow older, you stir cream in your coffee and it mixes up.
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It doesn't unmix.
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What we refer to as the classical understanding of the nature of time is still to this day our common sense view, which is that time is absolute,
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that there's a cosmic clock out there ticking by the seconds, minutes, hours, years at the same rate for everyone.
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All this directionality to time comes from a very fundamental idea in classical physics called the second law of thermodynamics,
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which states that a quantity called entropy, which is a measure of the disorder of a system, always increases.
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Einstein gave us a different view of time.
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Einstein was forced, because of the equations of special relativity and the nature of the speed of light,
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forced to abandon the Newtonian picture of absolute time.
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Einstein taught us that time and space are connected.
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So for me, a distance between two events that happen at different times, I can measure how far apart they are in space
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and how far apart they are in time
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but for someone else traveling past me at some fraction of
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the speed of light in a rocket they would measure those two events as being a different distance apart
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and the time between them being different we won't agree on distances
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and time space and time is relative so suddenly time becomes something
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that isn't absolute that it ticks by at different rates for different people, depending on your frame of reference, and it's malleable and it's stretchable.
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And then Einstein follows that up with his general theory of relativity, in which he takes it a step further and says, what Newton taught us as being this invisible force of gravity,
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pulling objects together, is really about the shape of space -time.
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Gravity has an effect on time.
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We will see clocks ticking by at different rates depending on where they are in Earth's gravitational field.
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So suddenly in Einstein's world, time is not something apart from space.
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It's something that's integral, it's part of the fabric of reality itself.
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If we zoom into the quantum realm and you just look at the way the equations of quantum mechanics evolve in time,
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you realise you could run the tape forwards or backwards and you wouldn't know the difference.
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Time in the quantum world is a parameter.
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And you say, right, if t equals 5, what will the system look like at t equals 10 seconds?
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You can also say, what was t at 0 or at minus 5? t is just a number,
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we can put a positive negative value to it and run our equations forward and backwards in time,
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so they're time symmetric and that's not the way we experience time in daily life.
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The way we see a direction in time in the quantum world is when we look, when we make a measurement, because that's when we interfere with the system.
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My hunch is that no quantum system is isolated.
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All quantum systems are interacting with their surroundings and it's that interaction with surroundings that gives a direction to time.
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It loses its quantumness, and that's because it's becoming increasingly entangled with its surroundings,
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in the same way that a hot object placed in a freezer will lose its heat.
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It's equilibrating with its surroundings in terms of temperature.
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In the quantum world, the quantum system is equilibrating with its surroundings in terms of information exchange.
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It will be hugely profound and exciting
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if we can see a direction to time emerging from the quantum realm this new area that we're calling quantum thermodynamics.
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本课的词汇与口语要点
这段视频共有 41 个句子、627 个单词可供跟读。 讲话部分时长为 3:58。 说话人语速自然，每分钟约 158 个词，接近日常对话。 只有 80% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，词汇难度较高。
视频中的重点词汇
视频中 15 个值得学习的单词，附发音和释义：
| 单词 | 发音 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| quantum 名词 | /ˈkwɑntəm/ | 量 |
| surroundings 名词 | /səˈɹaʊndɪŋz/ | 周圍 /周围 |
| equation 名词 | /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/ | 方程式, 方程 |
| tick 名词 | /tɪk/ | 蜱 |
| depend 动词 | /dɪˈpɛnd/ | 信任, 信賴 /信赖 |
| backward 形容词 | /ˈbækwɚd/ | 逆向 |
| relative 名词 | /ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/ | 親戚 /亲戚 |
| refer 动词 | /ɹɪˈfɜː/ | 談到 /谈到 |
| physics 名词 | /ˈfɪz.ɪks/ | 物理學 /物理学 |
| connect 动词 | /kəˈnɛkt/ | 連接 /连接 |
| fundamental 形容词 | /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/ | 基本 |
| disorder 名词 | /dɪsˈɔɹdɚ/ | 混亂 /混乱, 紊亂 /紊乱 |
| rocket 名词 | /ˈɹɑk.ɪt/ | 火箭發動機 /火箭发动机, 火箭 |
| interaction 名词 | /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/ | 相互作用 |
| invisible 形容词 | /ɪnˈvɪzəb(ə)l/ | 無形 /无形, 隱形 /隐形 |
视频中的语法
说话人最常用的结构，并附上视频中的原话：
| 结构 | 视频中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 被动语态 be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的 | was forced · are connected · is isolated |
| 定语从句 who / which + 从句 — 补充说明人或事物 | view, which is · entropy, which is |
需要注意的发音
说话人用了 6 次缩略和弱读形式，例如 doesn't, isn't, they're。请按听到的简短形式来说。
- “sh” 和 “zh” 音: equation /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, measurement /ˈmɛʒ.ə.mənt/, fraction /ˈfɹæk.ʃən/, prediction /pɹɪˈdɪkʃən/
- 长单词——注意重音位置: fundamental /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, invisible /ɪnˈvɪzəb(ə)l/, parameter /pəˈɹæm.ə.tɚ/, equilibrate /iːkwɪˈlɪbɹeɪt/
如何用这段视频练习
- 先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
- 先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟读，熟练之后再回到正常速度。
- 录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 quantum, surroundings, equation 这类单词。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。