Shadowing Practice: How Einstein changed time forever | Jim Al-Khalili for Big Think - Learn English Speaking with Video
Les maken...
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We are very familiar with the idea that time flows from past to future.
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We remember the past, we make predictions about the future.
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We grow older, you stir cream in your coffee and it mixes up.
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It doesn't unmix.
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What we refer to as the classical understanding of the nature of time is still to this day our common sense view, which is that time is absolute,
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that there's a cosmic clock out there ticking by the seconds, minutes, hours, years at the same rate for everyone.
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All this directionality to time comes from a very fundamental idea in classical physics called the second law of thermodynamics,
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which states that a quantity called entropy, which is a measure of the disorder of a system, always increases.
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Einstein gave us a different view of time.
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Einstein was forced, because of the equations of special relativity and the nature of the speed of light,
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forced to abandon the Newtonian picture of absolute time.
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Einstein taught us that time and space are connected.
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So for me, a distance between two events that happen at different times, I can measure how far apart they are in space
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and how far apart they are in time
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but for someone else traveling past me at some fraction of
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the speed of light in a rocket they would measure those two events as being a different distance apart
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and the time between them being different we won't agree on distances
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and time space and time is relative so suddenly time becomes something
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that isn't absolute that it ticks by at different rates for different people, depending on your frame of reference, and it's malleable and it's stretchable.
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And then Einstein follows that up with his general theory of relativity, in which he takes it a step further and says, what Newton taught us as being this invisible force of gravity,
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pulling objects together, is really about the shape of space -time.
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Gravity has an effect on time.
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We will see clocks ticking by at different rates depending on where they are in Earth's gravitational field.
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So suddenly in Einstein's world, time is not something apart from space.
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It's something that's integral, it's part of the fabric of reality itself.
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If we zoom into the quantum realm and you just look at the way the equations of quantum mechanics evolve in time,
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you realise you could run the tape forwards or backwards and you wouldn't know the difference.
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Time in the quantum world is a parameter.
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And you say, right, if t equals 5, what will the system look like at t equals 10 seconds?
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You can also say, what was t at 0 or at minus 5? t is just a number,
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we can put a positive negative value to it and run our equations forward and backwards in time,
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so they're time symmetric and that's not the way we experience time in daily life.
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The way we see a direction in time in the quantum world is when we look, when we make a measurement, because that's when we interfere with the system.
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My hunch is that no quantum system is isolated.
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All quantum systems are interacting with their surroundings and it's that interaction with surroundings that gives a direction to time.
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It loses its quantumness, and that's because it's becoming increasingly entangled with its surroundings,
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in the same way that a hot object placed in a freezer will lose its heat.
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It's equilibrating with its surroundings in terms of temperature.
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In the quantum world, the quantum system is equilibrating with its surroundings in terms of information exchange.
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It will be hugely profound and exciting
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if we can see a direction to time emerging from the quantum realm this new area that we're calling quantum thermodynamics.
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Woordenschat en spreektips bij deze les
Deze video bevat 41 zinnen en 627 woorden om na te spreken. Het gesproken deel duurt 3:58. De spreker praat in een natuurlijk tempo van ongeveer 158 woorden per minuut, dicht bij een alledaags gesprek. Slechts 80% van de woorden hoort bij de 3.000 meest gebruikte Engelse woorden, dus de woordenschat is pittig.
Belangrijke woorden in deze video
15 woorden uit de video die het leren waard zijn, met uitspraak en betekenis:
| Woord | Uitspraak | Betekenis |
|---|---|---|
| quantum zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈkwɑntəm/ | kwantiteit |
| surroundings zelfstandig naamwoord | /səˈɹaʊndɪŋz/ | omgeving |
| equation zelfstandig naamwoord | /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/ | vergelijking |
| tick zelfstandig naamwoord | /tɪk/ | teek |
| clock zelfstandig naamwoord | /klɑk/ | teller, kilometerteller |
| depend werkwoord | /dɪˈpɛnd/ | afhangen |
| backward bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /ˈbækwɚd/ | achteruit, naar achteren |
| relative zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/ | familielid, bloedverwant |
| refer werkwoord | /ɹɪˈfɜː/ | verwijzen, doorverwijzen |
| physics zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈfɪz.ɪks/ | natuurkunde, fysica |
| connect werkwoord | /kəˈnɛkt/ | verbinden |
| increasingly bijwoord | in toenemende mate | |
| fundamental bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/ | fundamenteel |
| disorder zelfstandig naamwoord | /dɪsˈɔɹdɚ/ | stoornis |
| rocket zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈɹɑk.ɪt/ | raket, vuurpijl |
Grammatica in deze video
De structuren die de spreker het meest gebruikt, met de exacte woorden uit de video:
| Structuur | In de video |
|---|---|
| Lijdende vorm be + voltooid deelwoord — het gaat om wat er gebeurt, niet om wie het doet | was forced · are connected · is isolated |
| Betrekkelijke bijzinnen who / which + zin — extra informatie over een persoon of ding | view, which is · entropy, which is |
Uitspraak om op te letten
De spreker gebruikt 6 samentrekkingen en verkorte vormen, zoals doesn't, isn't, they're. Spreek ze kort uit, zoals je ze hoort.
- De klanken “sh” en “zh”: equation /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, measurement /ˈmɛʒ.ə.mənt/, fraction /ˈfɹæk.ʃən/, prediction /pɹɪˈdɪkʃən/
- Lange woorden — let op de klemtoon: fundamental /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, invisible /ɪnˈvɪzəb(ə)l/, parameter /pəˈɹæm.ə.tɚ/, equilibrate /iːkwɪˈlɪbɹeɪt/
Zo oefen je met deze video
- Luister de hele video één keer zonder te spreken en noteer de woorden die je niet kent.
- Begin op 0,75× snelheid, spreek zin voor zin na en ga terug naar normale snelheid zodra het makkelijk gaat.
- Neem jezelf op en vergelijk met het origineel; let daarbij op woorden als quantum, surroundings, equation.
Wat is de Shadowing-techniek?
Shadowing is een wetenschappelijk onderbouwde taalleermethode die oorspronkelijk is ontwikkeld voor professionele tolkentraining en gepopulariseerd door polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. De methode is eenvoudig maar krachtig: je luistert naar native Engelse audio en herhaalt het onmiddellijk hardop — als een schaduw die de spreker volgt met slechts 1–2 seconden vertraging. In tegenstelling tot passief luisteren of grammaticadrills, dwingt shadowing je hersenen en mondspieren om echte spraakpatronen tegelijkertijd te verwerken en te reproduceren. Onderzoek toont aan dat het de uitspraaknauwkeurigheid, intonatie, ritme, verbonden spraak, luisterbegrip en spreekvaardigheid aanzienlijk verbetert — waardoor het een van de meest effectieve methoden is voor IELTS Speaking-voorbereiding en echte Engelse communicatie.