跟讀練習: How Einstein changed time forever | Jim Al-Khalili for Big Think - 通過影片學習英語口語
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41 句
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We are very familiar with the idea that time flows from past to future.
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We remember the past, we make predictions about the future.
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We grow older, you stir cream in your coffee and it mixes up.
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It doesn't unmix.
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What we refer to as the classical understanding of the nature of time is still to this day our common sense view, which is that time is absolute,
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that there's a cosmic clock out there ticking by the seconds, minutes, hours, years at the same rate for everyone.
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All this directionality to time comes from a very fundamental idea in classical physics called the second law of thermodynamics,
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which states that a quantity called entropy, which is a measure of the disorder of a system, always increases.
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Einstein gave us a different view of time.
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Einstein was forced, because of the equations of special relativity and the nature of the speed of light,
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forced to abandon the Newtonian picture of absolute time.
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Einstein taught us that time and space are connected.
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So for me, a distance between two events that happen at different times, I can measure how far apart they are in space
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and how far apart they are in time
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but for someone else traveling past me at some fraction of
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the speed of light in a rocket they would measure those two events as being a different distance apart
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and the time between them being different we won't agree on distances
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and time space and time is relative so suddenly time becomes something
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that isn't absolute that it ticks by at different rates for different people, depending on your frame of reference, and it's malleable and it's stretchable.
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And then Einstein follows that up with his general theory of relativity, in which he takes it a step further and says, what Newton taught us as being this invisible force of gravity,
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pulling objects together, is really about the shape of space -time.
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Gravity has an effect on time.
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We will see clocks ticking by at different rates depending on where they are in Earth's gravitational field.
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So suddenly in Einstein's world, time is not something apart from space.
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It's something that's integral, it's part of the fabric of reality itself.
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If we zoom into the quantum realm and you just look at the way the equations of quantum mechanics evolve in time,
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you realise you could run the tape forwards or backwards and you wouldn't know the difference.
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Time in the quantum world is a parameter.
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And you say, right, if t equals 5, what will the system look like at t equals 10 seconds?
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You can also say, what was t at 0 or at minus 5? t is just a number,
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we can put a positive negative value to it and run our equations forward and backwards in time,
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so they're time symmetric and that's not the way we experience time in daily life.
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The way we see a direction in time in the quantum world is when we look, when we make a measurement, because that's when we interfere with the system.
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My hunch is that no quantum system is isolated.
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All quantum systems are interacting with their surroundings and it's that interaction with surroundings that gives a direction to time.
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It loses its quantumness, and that's because it's becoming increasingly entangled with its surroundings,
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in the same way that a hot object placed in a freezer will lose its heat.
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It's equilibrating with its surroundings in terms of temperature.
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In the quantum world, the quantum system is equilibrating with its surroundings in terms of information exchange.
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It will be hugely profound and exciting
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if we can see a direction to time emerging from the quantum realm this new area that we're calling quantum thermodynamics.
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本課的詞彙與口語要點
這段影片共有 41 個句子、627 個單詞可供跟讀。 講話部分時長為 3:58。 說話人語速自然，每分鐘約 158 個詞，接近日常對話。 只有 80% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，詞彙難度較高。
影片中的重點詞彙
影片中 15 個值得學習的單詞，附發音和釋義：
| 單詞 | 發音 | 釋義 |
|---|---|---|
| quantum 名詞 | /ˈkwɑntəm/ | 量 |
| surroundings 名詞 | /səˈɹaʊndɪŋz/ | 周圍 /周圍 |
| equation 名詞 | /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/ | 方程式, 方程 |
| tick 名詞 | /tɪk/ | 蜱 |
| depend 動詞 | /dɪˈpɛnd/ | 信任, 信賴 /信賴 |
| backward 形容詞 | /ˈbækwɚd/ | 逆向 |
| relative 名詞 | /ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/ | 親戚 /親戚 |
| refer 動詞 | /ɹɪˈfɜː/ | 談到 /談到 |
| physics 名詞 | /ˈfɪz.ɪks/ | 物理學 /物理學 |
| connect 動詞 | /kəˈnɛkt/ | 連線 /連線 |
| fundamental 形容詞 | /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/ | 基本 |
| disorder 名詞 | /dɪsˈɔɹdɚ/ | 混亂 /混亂, 紊亂 /紊亂 |
| rocket 名詞 | /ˈɹɑk.ɪt/ | 火箭發動機 /火箭發動機, 火箭 |
| interaction 名詞 | /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/ | 相互作用 |
| invisible 形容詞 | /ɪnˈvɪzəb(ə)l/ | 無形 /無形, 隱形 /隱形 |
影片中的語法
說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：
| 結構 | 影片中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的 | was forced · are connected · is isolated |
| 定語從句 who / which + 從句 — 補充說明人或事物 | view, which is · entropy, which is |
需要注意的發音
說話人用了 6 次縮略和弱讀形式，例如 doesn't, isn't, they're。請按聽到的簡短形式來說。
- “sh” 和 “zh” 音: equation /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, measurement /ˈmɛʒ.ə.mənt/, fraction /ˈfɹæk.ʃən/, prediction /pɹɪˈdɪkʃən/
- 長單詞——注意重音位置: fundamental /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, invisible /ɪnˈvɪzəb(ə)l/, parameter /pəˈɹæm.ə.tɚ/, equilibrate /iːkwɪˈlɪbɹeɪt/
如何用這段影片練習
- 先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
- 先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟讀，熟練之後再回到正常速度。
- 錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 quantum, surroundings, equation 這類單詞。
什麼是跟讀法？
跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。