跟讀練習: Evolution explains kindness—even when it kills us | Paul Bloom - 通過影片學習英語口語
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45 句
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There's an incorrect view of evolution, which is that evolution would drive animals to be selfish,
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to be uncaring, to be unloving towards others.
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And any sort of kindness you see, either in the animal kingdom or for humans, is a mystery from an evolutionary standpoint.
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But that's just wrong.
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We now know that there's all sorts of ways in which kindness can evolve through natural selection.
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One way is kin selection.
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Basically, to the extent other creatures share your genes, it is beneficial for you to help them, to share food with them,
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to save them if they're in trouble.
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In any sort of community where everybody's sort of closely related, it's to the animal's benefit to be kind.
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A second mechanism is called reciprocal altruism.
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What this means is that if you're in constant contact with somebody else,
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it can evolve a sort of practical kindness where you help them and they help you in return.
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And so long as that deal goes back and forth, from a whole-blooded genetic standpoint, it's the sort of thing that could sustain and survive.
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So it's no mystery for a Darwinian how we can have a sort of circle of kindness
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that contains those in our family and slightly greater those we are in constant interaction with.
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But our kindness is bigger than that.
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Stand on a city street, look confused.
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If you pick the right city, some people come up to you and say, are you lost?
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Can I give you a hand?
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We help strangers.
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We take care of strangers.
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We worry about people not merely in our community, but in places thousands of miles away.
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Many people, many of you, give your resources, your money, your time to help people you aren't related to.
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Maybe you aren't in your community, but people who need help.
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There's one puzzle that often comes up, which I think is less of a puzzle than people think it is.
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And this concerns cases where people say risked your life for a stranger, even sacrificed your life for a stranger.
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People say, oh, that's not Darwinian, that's not evolutionary, because we should want to reproduce our own genes
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and why would you destroy your own body to help that body of a stranger who doesn't share your same genes?
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But I think the thing to keep in mind is what we've evolved isn't behaviors.
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behaviors, single behaviors that we choose are not the product of evolution.
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What we've evolved is brains, brains that think certain ways and have certain inclinations.
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We've evolved the capacity to think of things that evolution could have never anticipated.
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We're in a world of middle-sized objects like trees and rocks, but we can think of subatomic particles or galaxies.
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Similarly, we've evolved a morality that's close and that's narrow, that's small.
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But we're smart enough to have come to the principle of impartiality, some version of the golden rule,
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some notion that from the standpoint of the universe one person's life is just as valuable as another.
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From a gut level an injustice done to me is so much worse than an injustice for people I've never heard of.
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But when I think about it I can appreciate that at the level of principles there's no difference.
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The injustice done far away is just as severe injustice as if it were done to me.
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It makes us realize that selfishness and parochialness and racism and sexism and all sorts of biases like that are not inevitable.
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We have the capacity to override them.
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I think this is the lesson we learn when we see one person being kind to another,
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when we see tremendous examples of extraordinary altruism throughout the world.
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It teaches us that this is not beyond our biological capacity.
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And armed with this mode of and partial thinking, we've transformed our moral universe.
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本課的詞彙與口語要點
這節口語課以影片“Evolution explains kindness—even when it kills us”為素材。 影片中反覆出現的詞有：kindness, stranger, injustice, evolved, evolution。 這段影片共有 30 個句子、652 個單詞可供跟讀。 講話部分時長為 4:07。 說話人語速自然，每分鐘約 158 個詞，接近日常對話。 只有 81% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，詞彙難度較高。
影片中的重點詞彙
影片中 15 個值得學習的單詞，附發音和釋義：
| 單詞 | 發音 | 釋義 |
|---|---|---|
| kindness 名詞 | /ˈkaɪnd.nəs/ | 恩惠, 仁慈 |
| evolution 名詞 | /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/ | 演變 /演變, 變遷 /變遷 |
| injustice 名詞 | /ɪnˈd͡ʒʌs.tɪs/ | 不平, 不公平 |
| gene 名詞 | /d͡ʒiːn/ | 基因 |
| standpoint 名詞 | /ˈstændpɔɪnt/ | 立場 /立場, 觀點 /觀點 |
| mystery 名詞 | /ˈmɪs.t(ə.)ɹi/ | 謎 /謎, 謎團 /謎團 |
| principle 名詞 | /ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/ | 原理, 原則 /原則 |
| stranger 名詞 | /ˈstɹeɪnd͡ʒɚ/ | 陌生人 |
| puzzle 名詞 | /ˈpʌzəl/ | 謎 /謎, 難題 /難題 |
| practical 形容詞 | /ˈpɹæk.tɪ.kəl/ | 使用的, 實用 /實用 |
| confused 形容詞 | /kənˈfjuːzd/ | 困惑 |
| extent 名詞 | /ɪkˈstɛnt/ | 範圍 /範圍 |
| lesson 名詞 | /ˈlɛs.ən/ | 課業 /課業, -課 /-課 |
| moral 形容詞 | /ˈmoɹəl/ | 道德的 |
| narrow 形容詞 | /ˈnæɹəʊ/ | 窄 |
影片中出現的短語動詞
| 單詞 | 釋義 |
|---|---|
| come up 動詞 | 上來 /上來 |
| go back 動詞 | 回去, 返回 |
影片中的語法
說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：
| 結構 | 影片中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事 | we've evolved · I've never heard · we've transformed |
| 定語從句 who / which + 從句 — 補充說明人或事物 | evolution, which is · people who need |
需要注意的發音
說話人用了 14 次縮略和弱讀形式，例如 we've, aren't, we're。請按聽到的簡短形式來說。
- “sh” 和 “zh” 音: evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, notion /ˈnoʊʃən/, selfish /ˈsɛlf.ɪʃ/
- 長單詞——注意重音位置: evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, extraordinary /ɪksˈtɹɔːrdɪn(ə)ɹi/, biological /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/, similarly /ˈsɪm.ə.lə.li/
中文母語者容易讀錯的音：
- /v/ — 不要讀成 /w/，上齒輕觸下唇: evolve /ɪˈvɑlv/, evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, inevitable /ɪˈnɛvɪtəbəl/, override /oʊ.vɚˈɹaɪd/
- 詞尾子音 — 要讀清楚，後面不要加母音: evolve /ɪˈvɑlv/, kindness /ˈkaɪnd.nəs/, injustice /ɪnˈd͡ʒʌs.tɪs/, standpoint /ˈstændpɔɪnt/, confused /kənˈfjuːzd/
- /r/ 和 /l/ 的區別: principle /ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, practical /ˈpɹæk.tɪ.kəl/, moral /ˈmoɹəl/, particle /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/
如何用這段影片練習
- 先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
- 先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟讀，熟練之後再回到正常速度。
- 錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 kindness, evolution, injustice 這類單詞。
什麼是跟讀法？
跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。