Практика Shadowing: How Einstein changed time forever | Jim Al-Khalili for Big Think - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
Создание урока...
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We are very familiar with the idea that time flows from past to future.
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We remember the past, we make predictions about the future.
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We grow older, you stir cream in your coffee and it mixes up.
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It doesn't unmix.
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What we refer to as the classical understanding of the nature of time is still to this day our common sense view, which is that time is absolute,
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that there's a cosmic clock out there ticking by the seconds, minutes, hours, years at the same rate for everyone.
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All this directionality to time comes from a very fundamental idea in classical physics called the second law of thermodynamics,
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which states that a quantity called entropy, which is a measure of the disorder of a system, always increases.
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Einstein gave us a different view of time.
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Einstein was forced, because of the equations of special relativity and the nature of the speed of light,
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forced to abandon the Newtonian picture of absolute time.
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Einstein taught us that time and space are connected.
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So for me, a distance between two events that happen at different times, I can measure how far apart they are in space
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and how far apart they are in time
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but for someone else traveling past me at some fraction of
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the speed of light in a rocket they would measure those two events as being a different distance apart
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and the time between them being different we won't agree on distances
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and time space and time is relative so suddenly time becomes something
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that isn't absolute that it ticks by at different rates for different people, depending on your frame of reference, and it's malleable and it's stretchable.
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And then Einstein follows that up with his general theory of relativity, in which he takes it a step further and says, what Newton taught us as being this invisible force of gravity,
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pulling objects together, is really about the shape of space -time.
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Gravity has an effect on time.
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We will see clocks ticking by at different rates depending on where they are in Earth's gravitational field.
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So suddenly in Einstein's world, time is not something apart from space.
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It's something that's integral, it's part of the fabric of reality itself.
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If we zoom into the quantum realm and you just look at the way the equations of quantum mechanics evolve in time,
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you realise you could run the tape forwards or backwards and you wouldn't know the difference.
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Time in the quantum world is a parameter.
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And you say, right, if t equals 5, what will the system look like at t equals 10 seconds?
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You can also say, what was t at 0 or at minus 5? t is just a number,
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we can put a positive negative value to it and run our equations forward and backwards in time,
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so they're time symmetric and that's not the way we experience time in daily life.
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The way we see a direction in time in the quantum world is when we look, when we make a measurement, because that's when we interfere with the system.
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My hunch is that no quantum system is isolated.
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All quantum systems are interacting with their surroundings and it's that interaction with surroundings that gives a direction to time.
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It loses its quantumness, and that's because it's becoming increasingly entangled with its surroundings,
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in the same way that a hot object placed in a freezer will lose its heat.
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It's equilibrating with its surroundings in terms of temperature.
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In the quantum world, the quantum system is equilibrating with its surroundings in terms of information exchange.
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It will be hugely profound and exciting
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if we can see a direction to time emerging from the quantum realm this new area that we're calling quantum thermodynamics.
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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку
В этом видео 41 предложений и 627 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 3:58. Говорящий говорит в естественном темпе, около 158 слов в минуту, близком к повседневной речи. Только 80% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка, поэтому лексика сложная.
Ключевая лексика этого видео
15 слов из видео, которые стоит выучить, с произношением и значением:
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| quantum существительное | /ˈkwɑntəm/ | коли́чество |
| surroundings существительное | /səˈɹaʊndɪŋz/ | окре́стности, окру́га |
| equation существительное | /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/ | уравне́ние |
| tick существительное | /tɪk/ | клещ |
| gravity существительное | /ˈɡɹævɪti/ | серьёзность, ва́жность |
| depend глагол | /dɪˈpɛnd/ | зави́сеть |
| backward прилагательное | /ˈbækwɚd/ | наза́д, обра́тно |
| relative существительное | /ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/ | ро́дственник, ро́дственница |
| refer глагол | /ɹɪˈfɜː/ | ссыла́ться, сосла́ться |
| physics существительное | /ˈfɪz.ɪks/ | фи́зика |
| connect глагол | /kəˈnɛkt/ | свя́зывать, связа́ть |
| increasingly наречие | всё бо́льше и бо́льше, всё бо́лее и бо́лее | |
| fundamental прилагательное | /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/ | основно́й, основополага́ющий |
| disorder существительное | /dɪsˈɔɹdɚ/ | беспоря́док, каварда́к |
| rocket существительное | /ˈɹɑk.ɪt/ | раке́та |
Грамматика в этом видео
Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:
| Конструкция | В видео |
|---|---|
| Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает | was forced · are connected · is isolated |
| Придаточные определительные who / which + предложение — уточнение о человеке или предмете | view, which is · entropy, which is |
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
Говорящий использует 6 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например doesn't, isn't, they're. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.
- Звуки «sh» и «zh»: equation /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, measurement /ˈmɛʒ.ə.mənt/, fraction /ˈfɹæk.ʃən/, prediction /pɹɪˈdɪkʃən/
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: fundamental /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, invisible /ɪnˈvɪzəb(ə)l/, parameter /pəˈɹæm.ə.tɚ/, equilibrate /iːkwɪˈlɪbɹeɪt/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как quantum, surroundings, equation.
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.