Практика Shadowing: Einstein’s beef with quantum physics, explained | Jim Al-Khalili for Big Think - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
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Einstein is celebrated for giving us the special theory of relativity.
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The fact that nothing goes faster than light, time is the fourth dimension.
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But he didn't come up with the equations.
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That was the interpretation, the narrative of the equations.
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And it's the same with any other theory in physics.
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With quantum mechanics it's different.
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We have the equations of quantum mechanics, but we can't agree on what that equation means.
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Schrodinger's equation being the most famous one, we can crank the handle and produce numbers from the equation, but the narrative, the story,
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the explanation is still something that we're arguing about.
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And that bugs me.
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By the end of the 19th century, it was already known that we needed some new physics to explain mysterious phenomena,
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X -rays, like radioactivity, that energy seemed to be coming out of nowhere, to understand the behavior or the structure of the atom.
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And so when quantum mechanics came along, it wasn't because physicists were sitting scratching their heads,
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thinking there must be some deeper understanding of the nature of reality.
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I know, let's come up with quantum mechanics.
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It was forced on physicists because of experimental results
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that were inexplicable it's a fuzzy probabilistic world things are never
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behaving in one way for certain atoms can have two energies
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at the same time electrons can be in two places at
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the same time particles aren't discrete little lumps they can sometimes
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behave like spread out waves of probability it's really down at a level far beyond anything
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that we can visualize or imagine
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if we think about everyday objects a tennis ball for example subject to the laws of newtonian mechanics.
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You drop down orders of magnitude down to a millimetre, down to a micrometre, down to the scale of individual cells or bacteria.
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Ultimately, when you get down to something like a billionth of a metre, then you start to encounter the fuzziness of the quantum world.
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The founding fathers of quantum mechanics in the 1920s, people like the Danish physicist Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Wolfgang Pauli.
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And they realized they could make predictions for the results of measurements.
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But you only make the connection with the real world if you look.
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So that's how they got away with not needing a narrative.
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The shut up and calculate interpretation.
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More correctly, it's known as the Copenhagen narrative.
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But now, many physicists, including myself, argue that it's not a narrative at all.
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It's a bury your head in the sand approach.
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Einstein was very unhappy about this, by the way.
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He said, no, look, the job of physics is to know and understand how the world is, not just to make predictions about the results of experiments,
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that sort of operationalist view.
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Well, fine, that's useful, but that doesn't give us real understanding.
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That's why we still need a narrative.
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The knowledge of quantum mechanics, together with Einstein's theories of relativity, really gave us the modern world.
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We wouldn't have developed understanding of materials and how they conduct electricity, so we wouldn't have understood semiconductors we wouldn't have developed silicon chips,
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therefore we wouldn't have computers.
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I wouldn't be talking here in this medium today were it not for our quantum understanding.
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But there are aspects of the quantum world that are more mysterious.
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Quantum entanglement, for example, the idea that,
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let's say, two electrons that are separated in space can nevertheless somehow behave in a coordinated way.
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There are speculative ideas about whether space itself is connected together via quantum entanglement.
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We don't all need to be experts in quantum mechanics.
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Not even the smartest quantum physicist knows how stuff goes on inside their smartphone.
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But we are going to be developing ideas like quantum cryptography, quantum computing, quantum sensors.
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These are ideas and technologies that are going to affect us in our daily lives.
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So we do need to have enough of an appreciation of the science simply to know what to trust, who to trust.
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As we peel back layers of the onion about the nature of reality, we find deeper mysteries inside.
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But it's also true that we are learning more.
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We are becoming more enlightened.
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We know a lot about how the world works now, but that doesn't mean we have reached the end of the road.
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Now, I think there's going to be more weirdness coming down the line, And that's great.
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I look forward to it.
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Почему стоит практиковать речь на этом видео?
Это видео — отличная возможность для практики разговорного английского: здесь простой, но живой язык, разговорная форма и интересная тема, которая мотивирует говорить. Вы научитесь объяснять сложные идеи простыми словами, а также улучшите навык понимания научного лексикона. А если использовать метод shadow speech (повторение за спикером сразу же), то быстро улучшите ритм и интонацию. Идеально для тех, кто хочет не только учить английский по видео, но и говорить уверенно!
Грамматика и выражения в контексте
- "It was forced on physicists..." — Структура "be forced on" (навязываться) полезна для описания ситуации, когда что-то случается против воли. Например: "New rules were forced on us by the management."
- "We can crank the handle and produce numbers..." — Фраза "crank the handle" (вращать ручку) здесь используется метафорически, означая "применять формулу". Помогает добавить живости в разговор.
- "That bugs me" — Выражение "bug" (раздражать) простое, но часто используется в разговорном английском. Например: "The noise from the street bugs me."
Трудные места для произношения
Чтобы улучшить произношение английского, обратите внимание на:
- "Schrödinger's equation" — Сложное слово, но важно правильно произносить "Шредингера" (шредингерз иквэйжн). Проверьте произношение в онлайн-словарях!
- "Entanglement" — "Энтанглемент" (запутанность) часто мучается с ударением: правильно на первом слоге ("эн-ТЭНглемент").
- "Probabilistic" — "Пробабилистик" (вероятностный) имеет длинную структуру: делите на слоги "про-ба-би-ли-стик".
Повторяйте эти слова вместе с видео, используя shadowspeaks — и скоро они будут легкими!
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.