跟读练习: Einstein’s beef with quantum physics, explained | Jim Al-Khalili for Big Think - 通过视频学习英语口语
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57 句
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Einstein is celebrated for giving us the special theory of relativity.
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The fact that nothing goes faster than light, time is the fourth dimension.
没有任何物体的速度能超过光速，这一事实表明时间是第四维度。
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But he didn't come up with the equations.
但那些方程并不是他提出的。
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That was the interpretation, the narrative of the equations.
那就是这些方程式的解释，也就是它们所呈现的逻辑脉络。
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And it's the same with any other theory in physics.
物理学中的其他任何理论也都是如此。
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With quantum mechanics it's different.
量子力学的情况则有所不同。
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We have the equations of quantum mechanics, but we can't agree on what that equation means.
我们已经掌握了量子力学的方程，但对于这些方程的含义，我们却无法达成共识。
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Schrodinger's equation being the most famous one, we can crank the handle and produce numbers from the equation, but the narrative, the story,
薛定谔方程是其中最著名的一个，我们可以按部就班地从这个方程算出数值，但背后的逻辑、它所讲述的故事，
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the explanation is still something that we're arguing about.
关于这一点的解释，我们目前仍存在争议。
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And that bugs me.
这让我很恼火。
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By the end of the 19th century, it was already known that we needed some new physics to explain mysterious phenomena,
到19世纪末，人们已经认识到需要有新的物理学理论来解释那些神秘的现象。
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X -rays, like radioactivity, that energy seemed to be coming out of nowhere, to understand the behavior or the structure of the atom.
X射线与放射性现象一样，其能量似乎是凭空产生的，这推动了人们对原子行为或原子结构的理解。
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And so when quantum mechanics came along, it wasn't because physicists were sitting scratching their heads,
因此，当量子力学出现时，并不是因为物理学家们坐在那里绞尽脑汁，
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thinking there must be some deeper understanding of the nature of reality.
我一直觉得，人们对现实的本质一定存在某种更深层的理解。
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I know, let's come up with quantum mechanics.
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It was forced on physicists because of experimental results
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that were inexplicable it's a fuzzy probabilistic world things are never
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behaving in one way for certain atoms can have two energies
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at the same time electrons can be in two places at
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the same time particles aren't discrete little lumps they can sometimes
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behave like spread out waves of probability it's really down at a level far beyond anything
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that we can visualize or imagine
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if we think about everyday objects a tennis ball for example subject to the laws of newtonian mechanics.
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You drop down orders of magnitude down to a millimetre, down to a micrometre, down to the scale of individual cells or bacteria.
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Ultimately, when you get down to something like a billionth of a metre, then you start to encounter the fuzziness of the quantum world.
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The founding fathers of quantum mechanics in the 1920s, people like the Danish physicist Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Wolfgang Pauli.
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And they realized they could make predictions for the results of measurements.
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But you only make the connection with the real world if you look.
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So that's how they got away with not needing a narrative.
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The shut up and calculate interpretation.
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More correctly, it's known as the Copenhagen narrative.
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But now, many physicists, including myself, argue that it's not a narrative at all.
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It's a bury your head in the sand approach.
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Einstein was very unhappy about this, by the way.
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He said, no, look, the job of physics is to know and understand how the world is, not just to make predictions about the results of experiments,
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that sort of operationalist view.
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Well, fine, that's useful, but that doesn't give us real understanding.
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That's why we still need a narrative.
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The knowledge of quantum mechanics, together with Einstein's theories of relativity, really gave us the modern world.
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We wouldn't have developed understanding of materials and how they conduct electricity, so we wouldn't have understood semiconductors we wouldn't have developed silicon chips,
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therefore we wouldn't have computers.
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I wouldn't be talking here in this medium today were it not for our quantum understanding.
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But there are aspects of the quantum world that are more mysterious.
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Quantum entanglement, for example, the idea that,
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let's say, two electrons that are separated in space can nevertheless somehow behave in a coordinated way.
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There are speculative ideas about whether space itself is connected together via quantum entanglement.
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We don't all need to be experts in quantum mechanics.
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Not even the smartest quantum physicist knows how stuff goes on inside their smartphone.
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But we are going to be developing ideas like quantum cryptography, quantum computing, quantum sensors.
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These are ideas and technologies that are going to affect us in our daily lives.
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So we do need to have enough of an appreciation of the science simply to know what to trust, who to trust.
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As we peel back layers of the onion about the nature of reality, we find deeper mysteries inside.
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But it's also true that we are learning more.
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We are becoming more enlightened.
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We know a lot about how the world works now, but that doesn't mean we have reached the end of the road.
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Now, I think there's going to be more weirdness coming down the line, And that's great.
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I look forward to it.
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這個影片適合誰？
無論你是想提升英语口语练习的中級學者，還是對科學話題感興趣的進階學習者，這部影片都是絕佳素材。它用淺顯的語言解釋量子物理，句子結構豐富但不繁雜，非常適合練習shadow speech（影子跟讀）。跟讀時既能積累學術詞彙，又能磨練對長句的理解與表達，輕鬆實現語言和知識的雙重提升。
值得借鑒的詞彙與短語
- crank the handle：字面是「搖動把手」，影片中指「機械地計算」。可用於描述重複性但必要的工作，如「解題時別只會crank the handle，要理解背後邏輯」。
- bury your head in the sand：諺語，指「逃避現實」。例如「面對問題不能bury your head in the sand，要勇於解決」。
- peel back layers of the onion：比喻「逐步揭示真相」。可以說「科學研究就是不斷peel back layers of the onion的過程」。
如何模仿口音更地道？
這位演講者的口音清晰，語速適中，非常適合shadowing site上的跟讀練習。注意以下兩點：一是重讀關鍵詞，如「quantum mechanics」「narrative」等術語，要稍微加重語氣；二是連讀與弱讀，比如「it's a」會讀成「it's uh」，「of the」會縮讀為「ov th'」。跟讀時可以先放慢速度，專注模仿節奏，再逐漸貼近原速。堅持用shadowspeak的方式練習，你的口語流暢度一定會飛速提升！
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。