Pratique du Shadowing: Einstein’s beef with quantum physics, explained | Jim Al-Khalili for Big Think - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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57 phrases
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Einstein is celebrated for giving us the special theory of relativity.
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The fact that nothing goes faster than light, time is the fourth dimension.
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But he didn't come up with the equations.
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That was the interpretation, the narrative of the equations.
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And it's the same with any other theory in physics.
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With quantum mechanics it's different.
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We have the equations of quantum mechanics, but we can't agree on what that equation means.
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Schrodinger's equation being the most famous one, we can crank the handle and produce numbers from the equation, but the narrative, the story,
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the explanation is still something that we're arguing about.
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And that bugs me.
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By the end of the 19th century, it was already known that we needed some new physics to explain mysterious phenomena,
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X -rays, like radioactivity, that energy seemed to be coming out of nowhere, to understand the behavior or the structure of the atom.
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And so when quantum mechanics came along, it wasn't because physicists were sitting scratching their heads,
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thinking there must be some deeper understanding of the nature of reality.
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I know, let's come up with quantum mechanics.
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It was forced on physicists because of experimental results
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that were inexplicable it's a fuzzy probabilistic world things are never
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behaving in one way for certain atoms can have two energies
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at the same time electrons can be in two places at
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the same time particles aren't discrete little lumps they can sometimes
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behave like spread out waves of probability it's really down at a level far beyond anything
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that we can visualize or imagine
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if we think about everyday objects a tennis ball for example subject to the laws of newtonian mechanics.
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You drop down orders of magnitude down to a millimetre, down to a micrometre, down to the scale of individual cells or bacteria.
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Ultimately, when you get down to something like a billionth of a metre, then you start to encounter the fuzziness of the quantum world.
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The founding fathers of quantum mechanics in the 1920s, people like the Danish physicist Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Wolfgang Pauli.
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And they realized they could make predictions for the results of measurements.
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But you only make the connection with the real world if you look.
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So that's how they got away with not needing a narrative.
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The shut up and calculate interpretation.
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More correctly, it's known as the Copenhagen narrative.
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But now, many physicists, including myself, argue that it's not a narrative at all.
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It's a bury your head in the sand approach.
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Einstein was very unhappy about this, by the way.
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He said, no, look, the job of physics is to know and understand how the world is, not just to make predictions about the results of experiments,
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that sort of operationalist view.
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Well, fine, that's useful, but that doesn't give us real understanding.
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That's why we still need a narrative.
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The knowledge of quantum mechanics, together with Einstein's theories of relativity, really gave us the modern world.
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We wouldn't have developed understanding of materials and how they conduct electricity, so we wouldn't have understood semiconductors we wouldn't have developed silicon chips,
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therefore we wouldn't have computers.
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I wouldn't be talking here in this medium today were it not for our quantum understanding.
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But there are aspects of the quantum world that are more mysterious.
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Quantum entanglement, for example, the idea that,
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let's say, two electrons that are separated in space can nevertheless somehow behave in a coordinated way.
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There are speculative ideas about whether space itself is connected together via quantum entanglement.
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We don't all need to be experts in quantum mechanics.
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Not even the smartest quantum physicist knows how stuff goes on inside their smartphone.
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But we are going to be developing ideas like quantum cryptography, quantum computing, quantum sensors.
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These are ideas and technologies that are going to affect us in our daily lives.
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So we do need to have enough of an appreciation of the science simply to know what to trust, who to trust.
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As we peel back layers of the onion about the nature of reality, we find deeper mysteries inside.
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But it's also true that we are learning more.
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We are becoming more enlightened.
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We know a lot about how the world works now, but that doesn't mean we have reached the end of the road.
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Now, I think there's going to be more weirdness coming down the line, And that's great.
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I look forward to it.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette vidéo contient 57 phrases et 743 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 4:40. Le locuteur parle à un rythme naturel d’environ 159 mots par minute, proche d’une conversation courante. Seuls 77 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
15 mots de la vidéo à retenir, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| quantum nom | /ˈkwɑntəm/ | quantité |
| mechanic nom | /mɪˈkænɪk/ | mécanicien, mécanicienne |
| narrative nom | /ˈnæɹ.ə.tɪv/ | récit, narration |
| equation nom | /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/ | équation |
| physics nom | /ˈfɪz.ɪks/ | physique |
| behave verbe | /bɪˈheɪv/ | se comporter |
| argue verbe | /ˈɑɹ.ɡju/ | affirmer, débattre |
| interpretation nom | /ɪnˌtɜːpɹəˈteɪʃən/ | interprétation |
| mysterious adjectif | /mɪˈstɪɹi.əs/ | mystérieux |
| prediction nom | /pɹɪˈdɪkʃən/ | prédiction |
| atom nom | /ˈætəm/ | atome |
| everyday adjectif | /ˈɛvɹiˌdeɪ/ | usuel |
| mystery nom | /ˈmɪs.t(ə.)ɹi/ | mystère |
| explanation nom | /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/ | explication |
| sand nom | /sænd/ | sable |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| come up with verbe | inventer, imaginer | |
| come along verbe | accompagner, venir | |
| come down verbe | descendre, tomber | |
| get away with verbe | s'en tirer | |
| look forward to verbe | avoir hâte de, attendre avec impatience | |
| shut up | /ʃʌt ʌp/ | tais-toi! informal, taisez-vous! formal or plural |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 13 contractions et formes réduites, comme wouldn't, doesn't, aren't. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « th »: nevertheless /ˌnɛvɚðəˈlɛs/, billionth /ˈbɪl.i.ənθ/
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: equation /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/, interpretation /ɪnˌtɜːpɹəˈteɪʃən/, prediction /pɹɪˈdɪkʃən/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, appreciation /əˌpɹiː.ʃiˈeɪ.ʃən/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: interpretation /ɪnˌtɜːpɹəˈteɪʃən/, mysterious /mɪˈstɪɹi.əs/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, electricity /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɪsɪti/, experiment /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme quantum, mechanic, narrative.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.