Shadowing Practice: How Einstein changed time forever | Jim Al-Khalili for Big Think - Learn English Speaking with Video
Ders oluşturuluyor...
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We are very familiar with the idea that time flows from past to future.
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We remember the past, we make predictions about the future.
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We grow older, you stir cream in your coffee and it mixes up.
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It doesn't unmix.
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What we refer to as the classical understanding of the nature of time is still to this day our common sense view, which is that time is absolute,
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that there's a cosmic clock out there ticking by the seconds, minutes, hours, years at the same rate for everyone.
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All this directionality to time comes from a very fundamental idea in classical physics called the second law of thermodynamics,
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which states that a quantity called entropy, which is a measure of the disorder of a system, always increases.
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Einstein gave us a different view of time.
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Einstein was forced, because of the equations of special relativity and the nature of the speed of light,
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forced to abandon the Newtonian picture of absolute time.
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Einstein taught us that time and space are connected.
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So for me, a distance between two events that happen at different times, I can measure how far apart they are in space
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and how far apart they are in time
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but for someone else traveling past me at some fraction of
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the speed of light in a rocket they would measure those two events as being a different distance apart
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and the time between them being different we won't agree on distances
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and time space and time is relative so suddenly time becomes something
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that isn't absolute that it ticks by at different rates for different people, depending on your frame of reference, and it's malleable and it's stretchable.
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And then Einstein follows that up with his general theory of relativity, in which he takes it a step further and says, what Newton taught us as being this invisible force of gravity,
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pulling objects together, is really about the shape of space -time.
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Gravity has an effect on time.
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We will see clocks ticking by at different rates depending on where they are in Earth's gravitational field.
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So suddenly in Einstein's world, time is not something apart from space.
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It's something that's integral, it's part of the fabric of reality itself.
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If we zoom into the quantum realm and you just look at the way the equations of quantum mechanics evolve in time,
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you realise you could run the tape forwards or backwards and you wouldn't know the difference.
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Time in the quantum world is a parameter.
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And you say, right, if t equals 5, what will the system look like at t equals 10 seconds?
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You can also say, what was t at 0 or at minus 5? t is just a number,
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we can put a positive negative value to it and run our equations forward and backwards in time,
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so they're time symmetric and that's not the way we experience time in daily life.
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The way we see a direction in time in the quantum world is when we look, when we make a measurement, because that's when we interfere with the system.
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My hunch is that no quantum system is isolated.
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All quantum systems are interacting with their surroundings and it's that interaction with surroundings that gives a direction to time.
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It loses its quantumness, and that's because it's becoming increasingly entangled with its surroundings,
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in the same way that a hot object placed in a freezer will lose its heat.
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It's equilibrating with its surroundings in terms of temperature.
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In the quantum world, the quantum system is equilibrating with its surroundings in terms of information exchange.
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It will be hugely profound and exciting
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if we can see a direction to time emerging from the quantum realm this new area that we're calling quantum thermodynamics.
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Bu dersin kelimeleri ve konuşma notları
Bu videoda gölgeleme çalışması için 41 cümle ve 627 kelime var. Konuşma bölümü 3:58 sürüyor. Konuşmacı dakikada yaklaşık 158 kelimeyle, günlük konuşmaya yakın doğal bir hızda konuşuyor. Kelimelerin yalnızca %80’i İngilizcede en sık kullanılan 3.000 kelime arasında, bu yüzden kelime dağarcığı zorlayıcı.
Bu videodaki önemli kelimeler
Videodan öğrenmeye değer 15 kelime, telaffuzu ve anlamıyla:
| Kelime | Telaffuz | Anlam |
|---|---|---|
| quantum isim | /ˈkwɑntəm/ | kuantum, nicem |
| surroundings isim | /səˈɹaʊndɪŋz/ | civar, havali |
| equation isim | /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/ | denklem |
| tick isim | /tɪk/ | kene, sakırga |
| gravity isim | /ˈɡɹævɪti/ | ağırbaşlılık, ciddiyet |
| backward sıfat | /ˈbækwɚd/ | geri |
| relative isim | /ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/ | akraba |
| refer fiil | /ɹɪˈfɜː/ | zikretmek |
| physics isim | /ˈfɪz.ɪks/ | fizik, doğam (doğa kuramı) |
| increasingly zarf | gide gide | |
| fundamental sıfat | /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/ | esas, temel |
| disorder isim | /dɪsˈɔɹdɚ/ | teşevvüş |
| rocket isim | /ˈɹɑk.ɪt/ | roket, füze |
| invisible sıfat | /ɪnˈvɪzəb(ə)l/ | görünmez |
| quantity isim | /ˈkwɑn(t)ɪti/ | miktar |
Bu videodaki dil bilgisi
Konuşmacının en çok kullandığı yapılar, videodaki sözcüklerin aynısıyla:
| Yapı | Videoda |
|---|---|
| Edilgen yapı be + fiilin üçüncü hâli — kimin yaptığı değil, ne olduğu önemli | was forced · are connected · is isolated |
| İlgi cümlecikleri who / which + cümle — bir kişi ya da şey hakkında ek bilgi | view, which is · entropy, which is |
Dikkat edilecek telaffuzlar
Konuşmacı doesn't, isn't, they're gibi kısaltılmış biçimleri 6 kez kullanıyor. Bunları duyduğunuz gibi kısa söyleyin.
- “sh” ve “zh” sesleri: equation /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, measurement /ˈmɛʒ.ə.mənt/, fraction /ˈfɹæk.ʃən/, prediction /pɹɪˈdɪkʃən/
- Uzun kelimeler — vurguyu doğru yere koyun: fundamental /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, invisible /ɪnˈvɪzəb(ə)l/, parameter /pəˈɹæm.ə.tɚ/, equilibrate /iːkwɪˈlɪbɹeɪt/
Bu videoyla nasıl çalışılır
- Videonun tamamını konuşmadan bir kez dinleyin ve bilmediğiniz kelimeleri not edin.
- 0,75× hızla başlayın, cümle cümle tekrar edin ve kolaylaşınca normal hıza dönün.
- Kendinizi kaydedin ve orijinaliyle karşılaştırın; quantum, surroundings, equation gibi kelimelere özellikle dikkat edin.
Gölgeleme Tekniği Nedir?
Gölgeleme, başlangıçta profesyonel tercüman eğitimi için geliştirilen ve çok dilli Dr. Alexander Arguelles tarafından popüler hale getirilen, bilim destekli bir dil öğrenme tekniğidir. Yöntem basit ama güçlüdür: ana dili İngilizce olan bir sesi dinler ve hemen yüksek sesle tekrar edersiniz — konuşmacıyı 1-2 saniye gecikmeyle takip eden bir gölge gibi. Pasif dinleme veya dilbilgisi alıştırmalarının aksine, gölgeleme beyninizi ve ağız kaslarınızı gerçek konuşma kalıplarını eşzamanlı olarak işlemeye ve yeniden üretmeye zorlar. Araştırmalar, telaffuz doğruluğu, tonlama, ritim, bağlı konuşma, dinleme anlama ve konuşma akıcılığını önemli ölçüde geliştirdiğini göstermektedir — bu da onu IELTS Konuşma hazırlığı ve gerçek dünya İngilizce iletişimi için en etkili yöntemlerden biri yapar.