تدريب Shadowing: How Einstein changed time forever | Jim Al-Khalili for Big Think - تعلم التحدث بالإنجليزية عبر الفيديو
جارٍ إنشاء الدرس...
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We are very familiar with the idea that time flows from past to future.
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We remember the past, we make predictions about the future.
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We grow older, you stir cream in your coffee and it mixes up.
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It doesn't unmix.
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What we refer to as the classical understanding of the nature of time is still to this day our common sense view, which is that time is absolute,
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that there's a cosmic clock out there ticking by the seconds, minutes, hours, years at the same rate for everyone.
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All this directionality to time comes from a very fundamental idea in classical physics called the second law of thermodynamics,
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which states that a quantity called entropy, which is a measure of the disorder of a system, always increases.
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Einstein gave us a different view of time.
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Einstein was forced, because of the equations of special relativity and the nature of the speed of light,
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forced to abandon the Newtonian picture of absolute time.
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Einstein taught us that time and space are connected.
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So for me, a distance between two events that happen at different times, I can measure how far apart they are in space
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and how far apart they are in time
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but for someone else traveling past me at some fraction of
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the speed of light in a rocket they would measure those two events as being a different distance apart
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and the time between them being different we won't agree on distances
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and time space and time is relative so suddenly time becomes something
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that isn't absolute that it ticks by at different rates for different people, depending on your frame of reference, and it's malleable and it's stretchable.
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And then Einstein follows that up with his general theory of relativity, in which he takes it a step further and says, what Newton taught us as being this invisible force of gravity,
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pulling objects together, is really about the shape of space -time.
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Gravity has an effect on time.
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We will see clocks ticking by at different rates depending on where they are in Earth's gravitational field.
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So suddenly in Einstein's world, time is not something apart from space.
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It's something that's integral, it's part of the fabric of reality itself.
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If we zoom into the quantum realm and you just look at the way the equations of quantum mechanics evolve in time,
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you realise you could run the tape forwards or backwards and you wouldn't know the difference.
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Time in the quantum world is a parameter.
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And you say, right, if t equals 5, what will the system look like at t equals 10 seconds?
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You can also say, what was t at 0 or at minus 5? t is just a number,
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we can put a positive negative value to it and run our equations forward and backwards in time,
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so they're time symmetric and that's not the way we experience time in daily life.
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The way we see a direction in time in the quantum world is when we look, when we make a measurement, because that's when we interfere with the system.
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My hunch is that no quantum system is isolated.
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All quantum systems are interacting with their surroundings and it's that interaction with surroundings that gives a direction to time.
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It loses its quantumness, and that's because it's becoming increasingly entangled with its surroundings,
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in the same way that a hot object placed in a freezer will lose its heat.
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It's equilibrating with its surroundings in terms of temperature.
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In the quantum world, the quantum system is equilibrating with its surroundings in terms of information exchange.
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It will be hugely profound and exciting
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if we can see a direction to time emerging from the quantum realm this new area that we're calling quantum thermodynamics.
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المفردات وملاحظات التحدث لهذا الدرس
يحتوي هذا الفيديو على 41 جملة و627 كلمة للتدرب على الترديد. مدة الكلام 3:58. يتكلم المتحدث بسرعة طبيعية، نحو 158 كلمة في الدقيقة، قريبة من المحادثة اليومية. 80% فقط من الكلمات ضمن أكثر 3,000 كلمة شيوعًا في الإنجليزية، فالمفردات صعبة نسبيًا.
أهم المفردات في هذا الفيديو
15 كلمة من الفيديو تستحق التعلّم، مع النطق والمعنى:
| الكلمة | النطق | المعنى |
|---|---|---|
| surroundings اسم | /səˈɹaʊndɪŋz/ | مُحِيط |
| equation اسم | /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/ | مُعَادَلَة |
| tick اسم | /tɪk/ | قُرَادَة, قُرَاد |
| relative اسم | /ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/ | قَرِيب, قَرِيبَة |
| refer فعل | /ɹɪˈfɜː/ | أَشَارَ |
| physics اسم | /ˈfɪz.ɪks/ | فِيزِيَاء, فِيزِيقَا |
| connect فعل | /kəˈnɛkt/ | رَبَطَ |
| fundamental صفة | /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/ | أَسَاسِيّ |
| disorder اسم | /dɪsˈɔɹdɚ/ | اِخْتِلال, اِضْطِراب |
| rocket اسم | /ˈɹɑk.ɪt/ | صَارُوخ, قَذِيفَة |
| interaction اسم | /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/ | تَآثُر, تَفَاعُل |
| invisible صفة | /ɪnˈvɪzəb(ə)l/ | غَيْر مَرْئِيّ, خَفِيّ |
| quantity اسم | /ˈkwɑn(t)ɪti/ | كَمِّيَّة, مِقْدَار |
| abandon فعل | /əˈbæn.dən/ | اِنْصَرَفَ, يَنْصَرِفُ |
| minus | /ˈmaɪ.nəs/ | نَاقَص |
القواعد في هذا الفيديو
أكثر التراكيب التي يستخدمها المتحدث، مع العبارات نفسها من الفيديو:
| التركيب | في الفيديو |
|---|---|
| المبني للمجهول be + اسم المفعول — التركيز على ما يحدث لا على من يفعله | was forced · are connected · is isolated |
| جمل الوصل who / which + جملة — معلومة إضافية عن شخص أو شيء | view, which is · entropy, which is |
نطق يحتاج إلى انتباه
يستخدم المتحدث 6 من الصيغ المختصرة، مثل doesn't, isn't, they're. انطقها بصيغتها القصيرة كما تسمعها.
- أصوات “sh” و“zh”: equation /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, measurement /ˈmɛʒ.ə.mənt/, fraction /ˈfɹæk.ʃən/, prediction /pɹɪˈdɪkʃən/
- الكلمات الطويلة — انتبه لموضع النبر: fundamental /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, invisible /ɪnˈvɪzəb(ə)l/, parameter /pəˈɹæm.ə.tɚ/, equilibrate /iːkwɪˈlɪbɹeɪt/
كيف تتدرب بهذا الفيديو
- استمع إلى الفيديو كاملًا مرة واحدة دون أن تتكلم، ودوّن الكلمات التي لا تعرفها.
- ابدأ بسرعة 0.75×، وردّد جملة جملة، ثم عُد إلى السرعة العادية عندما يصبح الأمر سهلًا.
- سجّل صوتك وقارنه بالأصل، مع الانتباه إلى كلمات مثل surroundings, equation, tick.
ما هي تقنية التظليل الصوتي؟
التظليل الصوتي (Shadowing) تقنية تعلم لغة مدعومة علمياً، طُورت أصلاً لتدريب المترجمين الفوريين المحترفين. الطريقة بسيطة لكنها قوية: تستمع لصوت إنجليزي أصلي وتكرره فوراً بصوت عالٍ — كظل يتبع المتحدث بتأخير 1-2 ثانية. تُظهر الأبحاث تحسناً كبيراً في دقة النطق والتنغيم والإيقاع وربط الأصوات والاستماع والطلاقة.